approaches ao1 weaknesses

Question 1

what was psychology initially?

Answer 1

experimental philosophy

Question 2

what is the order the approaches were developped in?

Answer 2

psychodynamic 
behaviourist 
human 
cognitive
social learning 
biological
cognitive neuroscience

Question 3

how does introspection work?

Answer 3

break down conscious thoughts

used controlled methods and tried to be scientific

Question 4

what approach was Watson involved in?

Answer 4

Behaviourist approach

Question 5

why did Watson reject introspection?

Answer 5

subjective, should look at things that are observable and measurable

Question 6

what did Descartes contribute to early psychology?

Answer 6

Cartesian dualism- the idea that the mind and body are separated from each other

Question 7

what did Locke contribute to early psychology?

Answer 7

empericism- the idea that all experience is obtained through the senses, and we do not inherit knowledge or instinct

Question 8

what year was Wundt’s psychology lab opened?

Answer 8

1879

Question 9

what did Darwin contribute to early psychology?

Answer 9

evolution/survival of the fittest

Question 10

what methodology does behaviourism use?

Answer 10

lab experiments

Question 11

what is vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 11

reinforcement that occurs after watching someone else complete a behaviour

Question 12

what is identification?

Answer 12

observer associates themselves with a role model, and models their behaviour

Question 13

what is indirect learning?

Answer 13

where we can learn by observing other’s behaviour and seeing the consequences

Question 14

how can the brain be described using a computer model?

Answer 14

brain= central processing unit
coding
store information

Question 15

how does the cognitive approach suggest internal mental processes can be studied?

Answer 15

can and should be studied scientifically

indirect so make inferences

Question 16

what type of schemas are babies born with?

Answer 16

simple motor schemas

Question 17

what age is the ego formed?

Answer 17

2

Question 18

what age is the superego formed?

Answer 18

5

Question 19

what are the 5 psychosexual stages?

Answer 19

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 20

describe the oral stage

Answer 20

0-1 years
mouth= object of pleasure
breast= object of desire
unresolved conflict= oral fixation, eg) smoking or biting nails

Question 21

describe the anal stage

Answer 21

1-3 years
object of pleasure= anus
pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces
unresolved conflict= anal retentive- perfectionist and obsessive, anal expulsive- thoughtless and messy

Question 22

describe the phallic stage

Answer 22

3-5 years
focus of pleasure= genital area
Oedipus and Electra complex
unresolved conflict= phallic personality (narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexual)

Question 23

describe latency

Answer 23

earlier conflicts are repressed

Question 24

describe the genital stage

Answer 24

sexual desires along the onset of puberty

unresolved conflict= difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

Question 25

what is repression?

Answer 25

forcing a distressing memory out of the mind

Question 26

what is denial?

Answer 26

refusing to acknowledge reality

Question 27

what is displacement?

Answer 27

transferring feelings from a true source to a substitute target

Question 28

what happened in the case study of Little Hans?

Answer 28

Hans developed a fear of horses after seeing one collapse in the street
Freud suggested phobia was form of displacement where his repressed fear of his father was displaced onto horses
symbolic representation of castration anxiety in Oedipus complex

Question 29

what is self actualisation?

Answer 29

growing psychologically and fulfilling one’s potential

Question 30

which researchers are involved in the humanistic approach?

Answer 30

Rogers and Maslow