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Instrument Certificate (DA 40NG) > Approaches: ILS/LOC > Flashcards

Approaches: ILS/LOC Flashcards

1
Q

Is an ILS a Precision or Non-Precision approach?

A

Precision, provides both Lateral and Vertical guidance

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2
Q

What are the 3 Categories of ILS components and what do they entail?

A
  1. Guidance information
    - Localizer, lateral guidance from centerline
    - Glideslope - Vertical guidance, descent path, usually a 3 degree descent path
  2. Range information
    - DME, co-located with the localizer
    - Marker beacons, Outer, Middle, and Inner
  3. Visual Information
    - Approach lighting and RWY lighting
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3
Q

How do you tell if the ILS/LOC has DME?

A
  1. Jeppesen charts will have “ILS DME” located on the Localizer feather
  2. Notes MAY state “DME requried”
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4
Q

What uncommon range element MAY be associated with an ILS OM and MM?

A
  1. Compass locator - used to identify OM & MM (LOM/LMM)
  2. DME - Collocated with the GS transmitter
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5
Q

What are the 3 Categories of ILS approaches?

A

Cat 1 - Approach may go down to 200ft ATDZE

Cat 2 - Approach may go down to 100ft ATDZE (require specially certified pilots and specific equipment)
Cat 3 - Allow for even lower minimums *(require specially certified pilots and specific equipment)

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6
Q

What is a Localizer, how far out does it go, and how high can it be received?

A

A ground facility that radiates a two overlapping frequencies down the extended centerline of the RWY
- 35 degrees wide up to 10 NM from the Loc
- 10 degrees wide up to 18 NM
- Transmits up to 4,500ft
- Full scale deflection is 2.5 degrees wither side, or 5 degrees total

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7
Q

What is unique about the letter identifier for an ILS?

A

It will start with an “I”

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8
Q

What are the range limits of the ILS Localizer antennae?

A
  1. 10 NM out, up to 35 degrees either side of the centerline
  2. 18 NM out, up to 10 degrees either side of the centerline

*This is the distance at which the localizer will be come ‘alive’

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9
Q

What is full scale deflection on a Localizer?

A

Full scale deflection on the HSI is 2.5 degrees either side of the RWY

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10
Q

What is different about tracking a Localizer vs tracking a VOR radial?

A

The localizer is 4x more sensitive than a VOR

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11
Q

Why do we intercept the GS from below?

A

To avoid false glideslope indications, which may indicate a higher rate of decent than the typical 3 degrees.

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12
Q

What is a false glideslope indication?

A

When the radio frequencies deflect higher into the air and falsely display a 9 or 12 degree descent slope.

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13
Q

What are the frequencies be transmitted by both the GS and the LOC?

A

Localizer - 90Hz = Left of center. 150Hz = Right of center

GS - 90Hz = High. 150 Hz = Low

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14
Q

How wide is the Localizer signal as it crosses the landing threshold of the RWY?

A

All Localizers are positioned so that they are 700 FT wide at the RWY threshold.

(350 FT on either side of the centerline)

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15
Q

Why are Localizers more sensitive on longer RWYs vs shorter RWYs?

A

Due to the standard requirement for the width of the frequency transmission to be 700 FT wide at the RWY threshold.

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16
Q

Where is the Localizer located relative to the RWY?

A

Normally placed 1,000ft off the departure end of the approach RWY.

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17
Q

Does a GS provide back course signal transmission?

A

NO, if you are receiving a GS on a BC, you are likely getting a false GS

18
Q

Do you normally see Inner Marker (IM) beacons on Cat 1 approaches?

A

No, usually Cat 2
- they indicate decision height

19
Q

What is the purpose of Marker Beacons?

A

To help pilots determine their position along an approach course. Usually FAF and DA/MDA

20
Q

What does LOM mean on a chart?

A

Localizer Outer Marker (usually at the FAF) and usually associated with an NDB

21
Q

Where is the Outer Marker (OM) located on an ILS and what does it indicate?

A
  1. 4-7 miles from the localizer front course at the FAF
  2. It indicates the point at which GS intercept should occur.
22
Q

Where is the Middle Marker (MM) located on an ILS and what does it indicate?

A
  1. 3500ft from the threshold, 200ft above TDZE
  2. Usually indicates Cat 1 DA

*Middle Markers are rare

23
Q

How will you know when you are crossing the Outer Marker?

A
  1. Blue light will flash
  2. Low pitched continuous DASHES
24
Q

How will you know when you are crossing the Middle Marker?

A
  1. Yellow light will flash
  2. Sequential DOTS & DASHES

*“bip BEEEP bip BEEEP bip BEEEP

25
Q

How would you know you were crossing the Inner Marker?

A
  1. White light will flash?
  2. Sequential DOTS

*“bip bip bip bip bip”

26
Q

What does a Back Course Marker (BCM) indicate?

A

The FAF on a Back Course approach

27
Q

What does an Outer Marker look like on an IAP?

A

Plan view: Football shape

Profile view: Fuzzy upward facing cone shape.

28
Q

What ILS errors may be experienced? (5)

A
  1. Reflection - Cars, airplanes, or other objects may disturb the signal below 5,000ft AGL

1.5. False Courses - GS frequency may be transmitted above the standard 3 degree slope, up to 12 degrees. Causing the needle to act erratically. However; this should not occur if you intercept the GS as depicted.

  1. Failure to understand that ILS/LOC intercepts are more sensitive than a VOR
  2. Disorientation - Failure to properly set yourself up for the IAP due to a lack of SA
  3. Incorrect Localizer Intercept - choosing too high of an intercept angle will cause you to overshoot the LOC
  4. Chasing the needles.
29
Q

When briefing an IAP, what all is required to go over per procedures?

A

PUT SIMPLY:
1. Everything up to the Plan view
2. Everything after the Profile view (
Timer/VDP)
+
3. NOTAMs
4. TAXI route
5. Special considerations

*additionally, go over how you will fly the route (altitudes, holds, course reversals etc)

30
Q

What is important to remember in regards to a Glide Slope on a Localizer Back Course approach?

A

The Glide slope should be disregarded on a Back Course approach
- False glide slope indication are likely to exist on a back course, thus they are unreliable.

31
Q

What are the dimensions of the Glide Slope?

A
  • 1.4 degrees wide vertically, full scale deflection is 0.7 degrees either side
  • Typically have a 10 NM range, sometimes more
  • Slope will be between 2.5 & 3.5 degrees
32
Q

If an ILS has an Outer Marker (OM), will there also be a Middle Marker (MM)?

A

No, if the is an OM there is typically no need for a MM.

33
Q

How will you know you are passing the Back Course Marker?

A

“Beep, beep….. Beep, beep”
- It will flash white

34
Q

What is the most common Category of ILS approach flown in general avaition?

A

Category 1 approaches.

35
Q

What does an ILS Category 1 approach allow us to do?

A
  1. Descend down to 200 ft
  2. Have an RVR of 2,400ft
  3. Have an RVR of 2,800ft if touchdown zone and centerline lighting are available
36
Q

What is an important thing to note when considering the obstacle clearance along the final approach segment of an IAP?

A

Obstacle clearance minimums for the final approach segment of an IAP can be as low as 250ft !!
- This is why its so important to remain at or above DA/MDA

37
Q

What is important to remember in regard to lateral navigation along a Localizer Back Course approach?

A
  • It is possible to get reverse sensing on a BC
  • The G1000 can eliminate reverse sensing if BC mode is shown as operational by ‘BC’ appearing green in the Autopilot box

**If the AHRS fails, you will get reverse sensing on a Loc BC approach

38
Q

What is important to remember while performing a Localizer Back Course Approach with an AHRS failure?

A

You will get reverse sensing, make your turn away from the needle.

39
Q

Which is less desirable on an approach, the GS diamond being too high or too low?

A

The GS diamond being too high is less desirable, this mean you are BELOW GS and may not have proper obstacle clearance

40
Q

What are the typical false glideslope error degrees?

A

6, 9, and 12 degrees.

Instrument Certificate (DA 40NG) (23 decks)

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