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Approaches to classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Approach to classification which uses precise clinical descriptions of disorders, with exclusion and inclusion criteria

A

Operationalised approach

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2
Q

Symptoms which are pertinent to a diagnosis

A

Characteristic symptoms

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3
Q

Symptoms which are necessary for a diagnosis

A

Discriminating symptoms

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4
Q

Symptoms which strongly favour one diagnosis

A

Pathognomic symptoms

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5
Q

Approach to classification where diseases are described according to their observed characteristics, not any theory of what might have caused the symptoms

A

Atheoretical approach

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6
Q

Approach which labels an individual as either meeting or not meeting the diagnostic criteria

A

Categorical approach

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7
Q

Approach which uses a continuum from high to low, along which a measurement is made

A

Dimensional approach

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8
Q

Approach to classification which is argued as having poor validity as it need to include criteria such as psychosis - not otherwise specified

A

Categorical approach

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9
Q

Approach to classification which is said to be more useful in describing emotional and cognitive states as many exist without a clear cut-off point between being ill and well

A

Dimensional approach

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10
Q

Approach to classification which has been argued as less useful as it is difficult to map to interventions to monitor response

A

Dimensional approach

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11
Q

Traditional hierarchy for mental health disorders, from top to bottom

A 
Organic disorders
Substance issues
Psychosis
Affective and neurotic disorders
Personality issues
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12
Q

The idea that if a disorder further up the hierarchy can explain the symptoms, a disorder further down should not be diagnosed

A

Hierarchical organisation

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13
Q

Example of hierarchical organisation

A

E.g. a patient with dementia who experiences visual hallucinations which started after their cognitive issues would not also be diagnosed with a psychotic disorder

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14
Q

The idea that in a hierarchical organisation disorders can manifest as disorders lower down the hierarchy but not further up

A

Non-reflexive

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15
Q

Three axes of the ICD 10

A

The mental disorder
The degree of disability
The current psychosocial problems

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16
Q

The five axes of DSM IV

A 
Clinical disorders
Personality disorders/mental retardation
General medical conditions
Psychosocial and environmental problems
Global assessment of functioning
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17
Q

Axis 1 of DSM IV

A

Clinical disorders

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18
Q

Axis 2 of DSM IV

A

Personality disorders/mental retardation

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19
Q

Axis 3 of DSM IV

A

General medical conditions

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20
Q

Axis 4 of DSM IV

A

Psychosocial and environmental problems

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21
Q

Axis 5 of DSM IV

A

Global assessment of functioning

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22
Q

Remit for the first ICD

A

Classification of causes of death

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23
Q

Letter or number designated to mental and behavioural disorders in ICD 10

A

V(five) or F

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24
Q

Four versions of ICD 10

A

Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines
Diagnostic criteria for research
Primary care version
Clinical coding manual

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25
Version of ICD 10 for general clinical use, used most often by psychiatrists
Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines
26
Version of ICD 10 used to identify homogenous patient groups for research
Diagnostic criteria for research
27
Version of ICD 10 aimed towards GPs, which includes diagnostic flowcharts and treatment recommendations
Primary care version
28
Version of ICD 10 aimed at clerical workers for easy coding
Clinical coding manual
29
Change made for ICD 11 regarding personality disorders
Different personality disorders replaced with a single diagnosis of personality disorder labelled by severity and as having maladaptive personality traits
30
Severity ratings for personality disorder in ICD 11
Mild Moderate Severe
31
Maladaptive personality traits described within personality disorders in ICD 11
``` Negative affectivity Detachment Dissociality Disinhibition Anankastia Borderline pattern ```
32
Maladaptive personality traits within personality disorders in ICD 11 which is actually a composite of the other maladaptive personality traits
Borderline pattern
33
Type of disorder in ICD 11 which has been removed from the stress-induced disorders section and given its own section
Dissociative disorders
34
Type of disorder in ICD 11 which has been removed from the anxiety disorders section and given its own section
Obsessive compulsive or related disorders
35
Type of disorder in ICD 11 which has been removed from the 'other disorders of adult personality and behaviour' section and given its own section
Factitious disorders
36
Changes to gender identity disorders in ICD 11
Moved from mental and behavioural disorders to conditions related to sexual health Transsexualism and transvestitism removed Gender identity disorder changed to gender incongruence
37
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by psychomotor disturbance, and no longer classed as a subgroup of schizophrenia
Catatonia
38
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by at least one hypomanic episode and at least one depressive episode, but not requiring a manic episode
Bipolar II
39
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by a persistent preoccupation with a perceived bodily flaw, no longer in the hypochondriacal disorder section
Body dysmorphic disorder
40
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by belief that one is emitting a foul smell, contained within the obsessive-compulsive and related disorders grouping
Olfactory reference disorder
41
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 and DSM V characterised by accumulation of possessions regardless of their actual value
Hoarding disorder
42
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 and DSM V characterised by recurrent picking of skin, no longer within the diseases of skin section
Excoriation disorder
43
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by disturbances in affect regulation, self-esteem and relationships following exposure to a threatening or horrific event, in addition to the core features of PTSD
Complex PTSD
44
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by an abnormally persistent and disabling response to bereavement
Prolonged grief disorder
45
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by frequent binges of food without regular inappropriate compensatory behaviours aimed at preventing weight gain
Binge eating disorder
46
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by abnormal feeding patterns resulting in a lack of ability to meet energy or nutritional requirements, but not meeting criteria for anorexia nervosa
Avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder
47
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 and DSM V characterised by mood, somatic or cognitive symptoms occuring several days before the onset of menses
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
48
Disorder which lost its subtypes for ICD 11 and DSM V such as simple, catatonic, hebephrenic
Schizophrenia
49
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by persistent or recurrent gaming activity, controversial for its potential to pathologise gaming activity
Gaming disorder
50
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by failure to control intense sexual impulses, controversial for its potential to pathologise normal sexual behaviours
Compulsive sexual behaviour disorder
51
Changes to multiaxial system for DSM V
Removal of personality disorders and medical conditions leaving three axes
52
Delusion type removed from DSM V
Bizarre
53
Mood disorders merged for DSM V
Dysthymia and chronic depression
54
Changes to ASD in DSM V
Asperger's syndrome removed and merged with autism as ASD
55
New diagnostic category in ICD 11 characterised by the desire to become physically disabled in a significant way
Body integrity dysphoria
56
Movement of elective mutism from ICD 10 to ICD 11 - also renamed to selective mutism
Moved from disorders of social functioning with onset specific to childhood and adolescence, to anxiety or fear-related disorders
57
Practitioners DSM is aimed at
Psychiatrists
58
Practitioners ICD is aimed at
All practitioners
59
Edition of ICD which removed homosexuality as a mental illness
ICD10
60
Main ways to improve reliability of psychiatric diagnoses
Use semi-structured or standardised interviews Define all the items of psychopathology covered in an interview Use an operationalised system for diagnosis to ensure any given combination of symptoms leads to the same diagnosis
61
Definition of prevalence of a disease
Number of cases present within a defined population
62
Definition of incidence of a disease
Number of new cases arising in a population in a specified period of time, usually a year
63
Three axes of ICD 10
Mental disorder Degree of disability Current psychosocial problems
64
Axis 1 of ICD 10
Mental disorder including personality disorder and intellectual disability
65
Axis 2 of ICD 10
Degree of disability
66
Axis 3 of ICD 10
Current psychosocial problems
67
First classification system to include separate categories for mental disorders
ICD 6

Assessment (22 decks)

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