apush midterm Flashcards
(50 cards)
These were groups of investors who pooled their money to fund colonial ventures. They were used to finance early English settlements like Jamestown, reducing the risk for individual investors while enabling large-scale exploration and settlement.
Joint-stock companies:
This refers to the exchange of goods, crops, animals, and diseases between the Old World (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (the Americas) after 1492. It significantly impacted both continents, bringing new food sources to Europe and devastating diseases to Native Americans.
The Columbian Exchange
A social hierarchy that developed in Spanish colonies in the Americas based on race and heritage. At the top were Spanish-born Europeans (Peninsulares), followed by Creoles (Spanish descendants born in the Americas), mestizos (mixed-race), and at the bottom, indigenous people and African slaves.
The Spanish Caste System
A Spanish labor system in the Americas where Spanish settlers were granted the right to extract forced labor from Native Americans. In exchange, the settlers were supposed to provide protection and convert the natives to Christianity, but it often led to exploitation and abuse.
The Encomienda System
A 1680 uprising led by Popé, a Pueblo leader, against Spanish colonial rule in New Mexico. The Pueblos were protesting Spanish religious and cultural oppression, as well as forced labor. The revolt was successful in temporarily driving the Spanish out of the region.
The Pueblo Revolt (Popé’s Rebellion)
A farming technique used by Native American groups, where corn, beans, and squash are grown together. This method was highly sustainable and helped improve soil fertility.
Three Sisters Agriculture
Maize
Corn, a crucial crop cultivated by Native Americans, particularly in Mesoamerica, and introduced to Europe after European contact, helping to support population growth.
The Plains Indians - Characteristics
Native American tribes (like the Sioux and Cheyenne) living on the Great Plains. They were known for their nomadic lifestyle, relying on bison for food, shelter, and tools, and later using horses introduced by Europeans.
A Native American tribe from the Pacific Northwest, known for their fishing skills (especially salmon), intricate wooden houses, and a complex trade and social system.
The Chinook - Characteristics
The Caravel
A small, fast, and agile ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century, which was crucial for long sea voyages and exploration during the Age of Discovery, including Columbus’ journey to the Americas.
The first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in 1607 in Virginia. It survived through tobacco farming and became the foundation for further English colonization.
Jamestown
Salutary Neglect:
A British policy in the 17th and early 18th centuries where England relaxed enforcement of most regulations in its American colonies, allowing them to self-govern and expand economically. This policy helped foster a sense of independence among the colonies.
Which team is this for colonization efforts?
Primarily involved in fur trade, establishing good relationships with Native Americans, and setting up small, scattered settlements in Canada and along the Mississippi River.
french
Which team is this for colonization efforts?
Focused on converting Native Americans to Christianity, building missions, and extracting wealth (gold and silver) through colonization and the encomienda system.
spanish
Which team is this for colonization efforts?
Focused on trade, particularly the fur trade, and established New Amsterdam (modern-day New York), which became a major commercial center.
dutch
Which team is this for colonization efforts?
Emphasized settlement and agriculture, with large numbers of families migrating to the New World to create permanent, self-sustaining colonies. The British used a mix of land grants, joint-stock companies, and later royal governance.
British
Workers who agreed to work for a set number of years (usually 4-7) in exchange for their passage to the American colonies. After serving their term, they were typically given land or a small amount of money. This system was widespread in the early colonial period, especially in the Chesapeake.
indentured Servants
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion in Virginia against the colonial government’s policies toward Native Americans and the lack of protection for frontier settlers. The rebellion revealed deep divisions between the wealthy elite and poor settlers, and it led to the shift from indentured servitude to African slavery as the primary labor force in the colonies.
bacon rebellion
A religious group that sought to purify the Church of England. They left England and settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630, aiming to create a society based on strict religious principles and moral codes.
puritans
which colony is this
Colonies like Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island, with an economy based on small farms, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade. The society was religiously strict, often dominated by Puritans.
New England Colonies
which colony is this
Colonies like Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey. They were more diverse in terms of culture, religion, and economics, with a mix of farming (grain) and trade, and were known for religious tolerance.
middle colonies
which colony is this
Colonies like Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas. They were heavily dependent on cash crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo, with large plantations worked by enslaved Africans.
southern colonies
The Chesapeake Colonies:
Virginia and Maryland, both of which were known for tobacco farming. These colonies relied heavily on indentured servants early on but later became dependent on African slaves.
A religious group that believed in equality for all people, including women, and opposed violence. They were known for their commitment to religious freedom and social justice. They founded Pennsylvania under William Penn in 1681.
quakers
