apush midterm part 2 Flashcards
(59 cards)
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, that guaranteed individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech and religion.
bill of rights
The belief that the government can only do what is explicitly stated in the Constitution, with limited powers.
strict constructions of constitution
The belief that the government can do things not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution if they are necessary and proper (such as using the Elastic Clause).
loose constructionism
A 1795 agreement between the United States and Spain, which resolved border disputes and gave the U.S. the right to navigate the Mississippi River and store goods at the port of New Orleans, boosting American trade.
Pinckeys treaty
A 1793 declaration by President George Washington that the U.S. would remain neutral and not take sides in the conflict between Britain and France, to avoid being drawn into European wars.
proclamation of nueatrality
A speech given by President George Washington in 1796, where he warned against political parties and foreign alliances, urging the nation to focus on its own interests and avoid entanglements in European conflicts.
Washington’s farewell adress
alien and sedition acts
A series of laws passed in 1798 by the Federalist-controlled Congress that made it harder for immigrants to become citizens (Alien Acts) and made it illegal to criticize the government (Sedition Act). These laws were aimed at weakening the Democratic-Republican opposition and were controversial for limiting civil liberties.
revolution of 1800
The peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic-Republicans after Thomas Jefferson’s victory in the 1800 presidential election. It marked the first time in U.S. history that power shifted between political parties.
federalists unit 4
The Federalist Party was led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. It believed in a strong central government, a loose interpretation of the Constitution, a national bank, and policies that favored business, manufacturing, and trade.
democrat republicans
The Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, advocated for states’ rights, a strict interpretation of the Constitution, and policies favoring agriculture, with limited government intervention in the economy.
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835, known for establishing the principle of judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare laws unconstitutional. He strengthened the power of the federal government.
John marshall
A 1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review, allowing the courts to declare laws unconstitutional. It was a key decision that expanded the power of the judiciary.
marburry vs maddison
In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the size of the United States and giving control over the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans.
Louisiana purchase
An expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark (1804-1806) to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Territory, map a route to the Pacific Ocean, and gather scientific knowledge about the land and its resources.
lewis and Clark expedition
cause for war of 1812
British impressment of American sailors, British interference with U.S. trade, and British support of Native American attacks on U.S. settlers.
effect of war of 1812
The war led to increased nationalism, the weakening of Native American resistance, the end of the Federalist Party, and the beginning of the “Era of Good Feelings.”
A plan proposed by Henry Clay to promote national economic development by implementing protective tariffs, a national bank, and funding for internal improvements (such as roads and canals) to unify and strengthen the economy.
American system
Missouri compromise
A 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance in Congress. It also established a boundary (36°30’) dividing the Louisiana Territory, allowing slavery below the line and prohibiting it above.
A 1823 policy stating that the Western Hemisphere was closed to European interference, and that the U.S. would not involve itself in European wars. It was a statement of American foreign policy and asserted U.S. dominance in the Americas.
the Monroe doctrine
A dramatic change in the U.S. economy in the early 1800s, driven by new technologies (like the telegraph, canals, and railroads), factory production, and a shift from subsistence farming to cash-crop agriculture, leading to the growth of a national market.
market revolution
lowell mill girls
Young women who worked in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts, during the early Industrial Revolution. They were among the first to work in factory settings, and their labor was central to the rise of the factory system in America.
A set of beliefs in the early 19th century that emphasized the woman’s role in the home as the caretaker, moral guide, and nurturer of the family. It celebrated women’s domestic skills and promoted the idea that women should not work outside the home.
cult of domesticity
universal white male suffrage
The expansion of voting rights in the 1820s that granted all white men, regardless of property ownership, the right to vote. This significantly increased the electorate and empowered common white men in politics.
A practice used by Andrew Jackson where political supporters were rewarded with government jobs after he won the presidency. It was criticized for promoting corruption and cronyism, but Jackson argued it helped democratize the government.
spoil system
