Aromatic Hydrocarbons PPT

Question 1

is the generic term for an aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 1

Arene

Question 2

is derived by removal of a hydrogen

Answer 2

Aryl group

Question 3

Aromatic compounds undergo what kind of reaction

Answer 3

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution

Question 4

draw the halogenation reaction and its reactants

Answer 4

grade yourself accordingly

Question 5

draw the nitration reaction and its reactans

Answer 5

grade yourself accordingly

Question 6

has a full or positive charge

Answer 6

electrophile

Question 7

draw the sulfonation reaction and its needed reactants

Answer 7

Aromatic compounds undergo

Question 8

draw the friedel crafts alkylation

Answer 8

grade yourself accordingly

Question 9

draw the friedel crafts acylation

Answer 9

grade yourself accordingly

Question 10

In step 1 of the mechanism, the electrophile reacts with two p electrons
from the aromatic ring to form a what

Answer 10

arenium ion

Question 11

In step 2, a wha is removed and the aromatic system is regenerated

Answer 11

proton

Question 12

generation of arenium ion is what kind of rxn

Answer 12

endothermic

Question 13

The first step requires the loss of aromaticity of the very stable benzene ring, which is highly unfavorable

thus the first step is rate ____

Answer 13

determining

Question 14

second step wherein the ring gains it aromatic substitution is highly

Answer 14

exothermic

Question 15

which has a larger DG‡, first or second step

Answer 15

first step

Question 16

The ring regains its aromatic stabilization, a highly favorable/unfavorable process

Answer 16

favorable

Question 17

Halogenation of benzene requires the presence of a what

Answer 17

Lewis acid

Question 18

A special apparatus is used to perform this reaction

Answer 18

fluorination

Question 19

occurs so rapidly it is hard to stop at
monofluorination of the ring

Answer 19

fluorination

Question 20

is so unreactive that an alternative method must be used

Answer 20

iodine

Question 21

draw the iodination reaction

Answer 21

grade yourself accordingly

Question 22

in nitration, the nitric acid can dissociate to form a what

Answer 22

nitronium ion

Question 23

is the actual electrophile in nitration; it reacts with benzene to form a resonance-stabilized arenium ion

Answer 23

nitronium ion

Question 24

Sulfonation occurs most rapidly using what

Answer 24

fuming sulfuric acid

Question 25

fuming sulfuric acid is made out of

Answer 25

conc. sulfuric acid that contains SO3

Question 26

is an equilibrium reaction; all steps are equilibria

Answer 26

sulfonation

Question 27

The sulfonation product is favored by use of what kind of H2SO4

Answer 27

concentrated or fuming

Question 28

can be accomplished using dilute sulfuric acid

Answer 28

desulfonation

Question 29

sulfuric acid with a high concentration of water

Answer 29

dilute sulfuric accid

Question 30

another way for desulfonation aside from using dillute sulfuric acid

Answer 30

passing steam through the reaction and collecting the volatile desulfonated compound as it distils with the steam

Question 31

in the friedel-crafts alkylation what does the Lewis acid do

Answer 31

generate a carbocation electrophile

Question 32

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation is named after

Answer 32

Charles Friedel James M. Crafts

Question 33

probably do not form discreet carbocations but the primary carbon in the complex develops considerable positive charge

Answer 33

primary alkyl halides

Question 34

carbonyl attached to some R group

Answer 34

acyl group

Question 35

requires reaction of an acid chloride or acid anhydride with a Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride

Answer 35

Friedel-Crafts Acylation

Question 36

acid chlorides are made from what

Answer 36

carboxylic acids

Question 37

The electrophile in Friedel-Crafts acylation is an

Answer 37

acylium ion

Question 38

also make the ring less reactive to Friedel-Crafts reaction because they become electron-withdrawing groups upon Lewis acid-base reaction with the Lewis acid catalyst

Answer 38

amino groups

Question 39

give groups that usually give poor yields in Friedel Crafts reaction

Answer 39

grade yourself accordingly

Question 40

cannot be used in Friedel-Crafts reactions because they do not form carbocations readily

Answer 40

aryl and vinyl halides

Question 41

occurs frequently with Friedel-Crafts alkylation because the first alkyl group introduced activates the ring toward further substitution

Answer 41

polyalkylation

Question 42

does not occur because the acyl group deactivates the aromatic ring to further substitution

Answer 42

polyacylation

Question 43

synthetic application of friedel-crafts acylation

Answer 43

Clemmensen reduction

Question 44

Clemmensen reduction reduces C=O to

Answer 44

methylene group

Question 45

Clemmensen reduction reduces C=O to

Answer 45

methylene group

Question 46

conditions of Clemmensen reduction

Answer 46

Zn(Hg) / HCl

Question 47

more reactive than benzene

Answer 47

activating groups

Question 48

less reactive than benzene

Answer 48

deactivating groups

Question 49

direct future substitution to the o- and p- positions

Answer 49

o/p-directors

Question 50

directors direct future substitution to the m position

Answer 50

m directors

Question 51

all activating groups are what

Answer 51

o/p-directors

Question 52

The halides are also ortho-para directors but are

Answer 52

mildly deactivating

Question 53

Strong electron-withdrawing groups such as

Answer 53

nitro carboxyl sulfonate

Question 54

deactivating o/p directors include

Answer 54

Cl and Br

Question 55

activate the ring toward further reaction

Answer 55

electron donating groups

Question 56

stabilize the transition state of the first step of substitution and lead to lower DG‡ and faster rates of reaction

Answer 56

electron-donating groups

Question 57

deactivate the ring toward further reaction

Answer 57

electron withdrawing groups

Question 58

destabilize the transition state and lead to higher DG‡ and slower rates of reaction

Answer 58

electron-withdrawing groups

Question 59

most electron donating compounds include

Answer 59

-NH2 -NR2 -OH -OR

Question 60

meta directing groups have wha charge

Answer 60

partial or positive charge

Question 61

what does o/p directors contribute

Answer 61

fourth important resonance form