Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

CVM > Arrhythmias > Flashcards

Arrhythmias Flashcards

week 4 (50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the normal duration for:

QRS

PR interval

A

QRS: 40-100ms
PR interval= 120-200ms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the ECG of of a sinus brachycardia and what are the common causes?

A

HR< 60
sinus rhythm

Increased PNS
Increased SV
Sleep, drugs
Acute HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a sinus rythym?

A

normal pattern

sinus node –> atria (contract) –> AV –> onwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe a sinus rhythm on a ECG

A
  • P waves with a consistent shape BEFORE QRS
  • { waves in postive leads I, II and aVF and negative lead aVR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the treatment for a sinus bradycardia rythym?

A

Sympathomimetic drugs

Parasympatholytic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

SV vs CO

A

SV= blood per beat
CO= blood per minute

SV= 50-100ml/beat
CO= 4-8L/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the ECG and cause of Sinus tachycardia?

A

HR> 100bpm
sinus rhythm

causes:
- increased SNS
- increased metabolic rate
-decreased BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the treatments and possible complications of sinus tachycardia?

A

treatments
- sympathetic drugs
-Ca2+ channel blockers

Complication
- decreased CO due to less time for ventricular filling = decreased SV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What occurs in sick sinus syndrome and what is its treatment?

A

SA node oscillates between tachycardia and bradycardia

treatment
-artificial pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is sinus arrhythmia and what are its associated causes?

A
  • variability in sinus Rhythm (P-P interval)
  • Ventilation and fluctuations in ANS tone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is sinus arrest and what is its complication?

A

No SA node
-His-Purkinje system restores at a slower rate

No CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are escape rythyms?

A

Latent pacemakers escape inhibition of more active SA node

(SA node can’t generate effective impulses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is abnormal atrioventricular conduction?

A

Disturbance of sinus impulse from atria to ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the characteristics of a first degree AV block ECG/

A

P-wave precedes QRS

PR intervals > 25ms/5ss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the characteristics of a second degree I AV block ECG?

A

PR interval progressively lengthens until a P wave is not conducted to V ( Not all P is associated with QRS)

QRS clustered

PP intervals are constant but RR intervals vary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the characteristics of a second degree II AV block ECG?

A

P waves intermittently non-conducted = constant PR intervals

Prolonged QRS complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the characteristics of a third degree AV block ECG/

A

All P waves non-conducted = complete absence of AV conduction

Ventricular escapes control rhythm of QRS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cause and treatment of First Degree AV conduction block.

A

MI
Drugs (digitals and digoxin)
Congenital heart defects

Manage underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cause and treatment of Second Degree I AV conduction block.

A

Reversible ischemia of AV node
Acute MI

Treatment
Only if progresses to Mobtiz II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the causes of Second degree II AV conduction block and what are its complications and treatment options?

A

Anterior septal MI
Damage to BoH/ RBB
Fibrosis of conduction system

Complications
Bradycardia compromises CO
Progress to CHB?

treatment
Artificial pacemaker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the complication and treatment option for a thrid-degree AV conduction block?

Study These Flashcards
A

Complication
Bradycardia compromises CO

Treatment
Artificial pacemaker

22
Q

Describe the access pathway associated with WPW syndrome.

Study These Flashcards
A

Accessory pathways pass from A –> V without passing through AV node

23
Q

ECG of WPW syndrome

Study These Flashcards
A

PR interval short
delta wave (abnormal start to QRS)
Prolonged QRS complex

24
Q

Associated complication and treatment options for WPW dyndrome

Study These Flashcards
A

accessory pathways may allow reentry → VT/ VF

Treatments
antiarrhythmic drugs -

surgical ablation of the accessory pathway

disruption of the conduction pathway

25
What are the three common mechanisms tha give rise to ectopic sites?
Abnormal automaticity Triggered activity Re-entry
26
What is Abnormal automaticity?
Atrial/ ventricular cells lacking automaticity spontaneously depolarise = AP
27
What is Triggered activity?
extra AP spontaneously triggered during/immediately after repolarisation.
28
What are the causes and predispositions for Re-enrty mechanism of ectopic sites?
Caused by: slow conduction, part of elec conduction has a long pathway, unidirectional conduction blcok or ARP of re-enerty segment is shorter than time around loop. Predisposed: myocardial infarction, electrolyte imbalance or ischemia.
29
How do premature atrial complex (PACs) present on an ECG?
atrial ectopic focus initiates atrial depolarisation rather than SA node pacemaker cells abnormal P wave (inverted or fused with preceding T wave) blocked PAC followed by compensatory pause where EDV is enhanced
30
ECG and cause of Atrial Flutter
-240-350bpm atrial depolarisation rate - saw-toothed pattern of P waves - ventricular rate < atrial rate cause - reentry circuit in RA
31
ECG and cause of Atrial Fibrillation?
ECG chaotic atrial depolarisation accompanied by irregular ventricular depolarisation absent P waves Cause multiple and constantly changing reentry waves
32
AF treatment and complications
Complications asynchronous atrial contraction/ relaxation fails to pump blood → stagnation → clots Treatments electrical cardioversion anti-arrhythmic drugs
33
Premature Ventricular Complexes ECG and causes
Broad QRS complex Prolonged and inverted T waves excitation encompasses V but not A CHD Electrolyte imbalance Drug overdose
34
Premature Complexes treatment and compicatioons
Complications Frequent PVCs may diminish CO --> VT/VF Treatment Antiarrhythmic drugs
35
VT ECG and causes
≥3 consecutive QRS complexes HR >100bpm QRS complex blend into ST-T waves at higher rates → large undulating waves MI high catecholamine levels electrolyte imbalances ischemia
36
complications and treatment of VT
complications serious and potentially fatal dysrhythmia due to compromised CO Treatments CPR electrical cardioversion antiarrhythmic drugs
37
cause and ECG of VF
rapid chaotic rhythm which is completely uncoordinated ventricular muscle quivers rather than contracting in a coordinated manner Cause reentry
38
Complications and treatment of VF
Complications severely compromised CO Treatments electrical cardioversion antiarrhythmic drugs
39
what rhythms can you use a defib on?
VF pVT
40
what are the types of Re-entry?
Functional re-entry Part of elec conduction is abnormally slow Anatomical re-entry Electrical conduction goes through abnormally long pathway
41
What are the requirements for re-entry?
Functional/ anatomical loop ARP of re-entered segment is shorter than conduction time around loop Unidirectional conduction block within loop
42
What are the 3 classes of dysrthmias and what are their subgroups?
Abnormal rates of sinus rhythm (sinus brachy cardia, tachycardia, arrest or sick sinus syndrome) Disturbances of the conduction system (Escape rhythms and conduction blocks) Abnormal Sites of Impulse initiation (inappropriate automaticity, triggered activity and re-entry)
43
cardoversion vs defib what rhythms do you use cardioversion on?
Cardioversion is synchronized with the heart's electrical activity, while defibrillation is not. Cardioversion uses lower-energy shocks compared to defibrillation. Defibrillation is typically an emergency procedure, while cardioversion can be planned or urgent
44
what rhythms do you use cardioversion on?
Atrial fibrillation (AFib) Atrial flutter Atrial tachycardia Supraventricular tachycardia
45
What is the cause of Abnormal Automaticicty?
Leaky Na/Ca in phase 4 Ischaemia and Low ATP (can't maintain ion gradients) Electrolyte imbalance
46
What are EADs?
second AP triggered early in RRP (P3) VG Ca channels recover form inactivation before membrane potential is below threshold
47
What are DADs?
dep after rep is complete high CA and SR Va = CA release from SR to evoke AP
48
Mobitz TI vs TII
1- progressive fatigue of AV node 2- sudden failure of His-Purkinje system 1- PR progressively lengthens 2- Constant PR interval 1- junctional escape rythym 2- ventricular escape rythym
49
How does ischemia compromise ability of contractile myoctyes to maintain RMP
decreased ATP production as changes to anaerobic condition, impaired ion pump and altered ion gradient
50
How does elevated Ca in myoplasm and SR trigger DADs?
SR overloaded with Ca and is spontaneously released --> sudden increased in Ca activates NCX --> forward mode pumps out Ca and Na --> depolarisation in Phase 4 --> reaches threshold --> DAD

CVM (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions