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Cardiac Cycle Flashcards

week 5 (49 cards)

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1
Q

What occurs in Ventricular Diastole?

A

Isovolumic V relaxation

Ventricular Filling

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2
Q

Ventricular Systole

A

Isovolumic V Contraction

Ventricular ejection

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3
Q

Atrial Systole

A

Atria contracts and squeezes blood into V

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4
Q

What is End-diastolic volume and what is its normal value

A

BV in ventricl at end of diastole

120ml

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5
Q

What is end-systolic volume and what is its normal value?

A

BV in V at end of systole

50ml

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6
Q

What is HR

A

cardiac cycles per minute (BPM)

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7
Q

What is SV and what is the formula?

A

BV pumped from LV per beat

SV = EDV-ESV

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8
Q

What is CO and what is the formula?

A

Amount of blood pumped out per min

CO= SV x HR (mL/min)

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9
Q

What is the underlying mechanism of Frank-Striling Law?

A

length-tension relationship

(stretch optimises overall lap of thick/thin filaments = increased cross bridges = increased contractibility)

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10
Q

What is preload?

A

Degree of stretch of V wall via blood filling V

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11
Q

What is the Frank-Stirling Law?

A

Increased SV in response to Increased Preload

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12
Q

What causes a Left shift in the Frank-Starling Curve?

A

Exercise

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13
Q

What causes a right shift in the Frank-Starling curve?

A

Heart failure or fatal myocardium depression

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14
Q

What is afterload?

A

Amount of pressure V must develop to open semilunar valves

(resistance they must overcome)

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15
Q

what occurs in late diastole phase?

A

Both chamber relaxed

V fill passively

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16
Q

How do diseases such as HTN affect afterload?

A

decreases SV

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17
Q

what occurs in Atrial systole?

A

Atrial contraction forces additional blood into V

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18
Q

What are the two phases of ventricular systole?

(four words to describe each)

A

isovolumic V contraction - Volume same pressure increase

Ventricular ejection - pressure high, blood out

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19
Q

Outline what occurs in isovolumic Contraction

A

V starts to contract but not all valves closed. Volume in V doesn’t change but pressure builds rapidly.

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20
Q

Outline what occurs in Ventricular ejection

Study These Flashcards
A

Pressure in V becomes Higher than in arteries = artery valves open

V forcefully squeeze blood into arteries (PA for R and Aorta for L )

21
Q

isovolumic V relaxation

Study These Flashcards
A

V relaxes, pressure in V falls –> blood flow back into cusps of semilunar valves – valves close

22
Q

What are the two phases of Ventricular Diastole

(summarise in 4 words)

Study These Flashcards
A

Isovolumic relaxation (pressure falls, blood in valve)

Venticular filling (blood flows passively)

23
Q

Outline events of venticular filling

Study These Flashcards
A

Pressure in V drops below pressure in A = valve between A and V open. Blood flows passively.

23
Q

in which phase do the coronary arteries distrubute blood?

How?

Study These Flashcards
A

Diastole

SL cusps cover the coronary artery when opened

Coronary vessels blocked by systolic contraction

24
Relationship between electrical and mechanical events of the heart.
electrical always BEFORE mechanical
25
What are the changes in LV volume due to (3 phases)
Passive filling in diastole A contraction pushes add blood into V (EDV) V contraction pushes blood OUT of V (ESV)
26
When does the mitral valve open and how?
Ventricular Diastole: LA > LV pressure = mitral valve opens and blood flows LA -> LV
27
When does the aortic open and how?
Ventricular Systole: V contraction brings LV > aortic pressure = Aortic valve opens
28
When are the aortic and mitral valves both closed?
Isovolumetric contraction and relaxation: aortic > LV, LV > LA pressure
29
What is the S2 sound and what electrical activity does it correspond with?
Closing of SL valves End of V systole End T wave and PT interval
30
What is the S1 sound and what electrical activity does it correspond with?
Closing of AV valves Beginning of V systole Peak of R wave
31
What is the S3 sound and what is it caused by?
V gallop (just after S2) Caused by oscillation of blood between V walls
32
What is the S4 sound and what is it caused by?
Atrial gallop (jest before S1) V wall stiffening = turbulent flow Always pathological
33
What mechanical activity follows the: S1 sound S2 sound
1- Isovolumetric V contraction 2- Isovolumetric V relaxation
34
What factors impact SV?
Increased EDV Increased venous return Decreased HR = increased duration of diatole Decreased EDV increased Inotropy decreased Afterload
35
What causes increased inotropy and hence increased SV?
Increased Inotropy Increased SNS tone Increased epinephrine Changes in ion conc Drugs
36
what causes decreased afterload and hence increased SV?
decreased arterial BP (eaiser to eject blood)
37
where are the receptors that monitor BP located? why those locations?
Location: carotid sinus + aortic arch Why: monitor blood supply to brain
38
Baroreceptor reflex
prevent fainting when moving from sitting/lying to standing
39
How would the Wigger’s diagram change with increased SNS activity?
- positive chronotropic → closer peaks - positive inotropy → increased upwards slope and peak height - positive lusitropy → increased downwards slope
40
What is diastole?
period when heart muscle is relaxed sp chamber can fill w blood
41
what is systole?
when heart muscle is contracting to eject blood
42
how can the ESV be influenced to increases SV?
Cardiac muscle contractility Increased = decreased ESV = increased SV Afterload Decreased = decreases ESV = increases SV
43
How is cardiac contractility modulated?
SNS tone (increases) Circulating Epinephrine (increases) Changes in ion conc (increased Ca = increased contractibility) inotropic drugs (digoxin and digitalis)
44
What modulates afterload?
decreased arterial BP reparing stenotic valves = makes easier for V to eject blood
45
What is Ejection Fraction?
blood ejected by V relative to its EDV EF = (SV/EDV) x 100
46
How is HR influenced to modulate CO?
Andrenergic tone (SNS) = increased HR w +ve chronotropic and dromotropic Vagal Tone (PNS) = decreased HR w -ve chronotropic and dromotropic effects
47
What is the function of the baroreceptor reflex?
modulates cardiac output to ensure blood pressure remains high enough for adequate perfusion
48
What is the function of the chemoreceptor reflex?
regulates resp activity (PO2, PCO2 and pH) and can also regulate cardiovascular fi\unction

CVM (8 decks)

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