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Third Year Second Semester > Art History Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Art History Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Abolition

A

Images used to make the case against slavery
- Shift public opinion by showing what’s going on
Abolition was achieved
Fueled wealth of European nations – producers, movers, & consumers of goods
Creates markets for objects and goods previously unknown to European culture
Connect abolition of slavery and the era of modernist painting

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2
Q

Académie des Beaux-Arts (Royal Academy)/

Academic art/Academic tradition

A

Official training for artists

  • Model for many art academies
  • Notion of formal training in arts in one specific direction
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3
Q

Aesthetics

A

Set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty

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4
Q

Allegory/allegorical

A

Subject or elements of an artwork symbolizes deeper meaning

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5
Q

The Americas

A

Home of the First Nations/Native Americans + colonized and oppressed by European powers; centre for Galleon trade

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6
Q

Artistic license

A

Deviation from fact or form for artistic purposes

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7
Q

Atlantic rim

A

Between Europe and Americas - Becoming richest and most dynamic area during the global convergence

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8
Q

Aztec/Mexica

A

The indigenous people of Mexico

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9
Q

French Barbizon School

A

Part of realism movement - French painters of nature

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10
Q

Baudelaire (Charles) - poet, critic

A

Criticized photography “would-be painter”

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11
Q

Berlin Blue/Prussian Blue

A

A synthetic dye invented in Germany in the early 18th century and imported to Japan by Dutch traders or via China

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12
Q

British Empire

A

England – a small island nation that comes to rule over the most impressive empire of all time – one quarter of the world’s land mass and population

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13
Q

Calotype

A

Early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Henry Fox Talbot, using paper coated with silver iodide

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14
Q

Camera Obscura

A

Latin for “dark chamber”

Original knowledge of camera

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15
Q

cellulose acetate/nitrate

A

(Sicoid)
Old plastic would yellow, crack, highly flammable – cellulose acetate drastic improvement
Earliest – cellulose nitrate

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16
Q

Centre/periphery

A
  • A dominant nation or kingdom with a shared language and religion (centre) that conquers and then exploits weaker territories on the periphery of the empire (periphery)
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17
Q

chocolatero

A

Bottle vessel

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18
Q

The Civil War

A

War in the US due to differing ideals between the north and the south (slaves)

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19
Q

colonial/colonizing/colonization

A

Types of settlements & goals = differing relationships with indigenous populations
Small colonies situated on rivers

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20
Q

Columbian Exchange

A
  • Exchange of food, animals, plants to and from Americas – changed world’s diet globally
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21
Q

Canadian Confederation

A

Canada becomes a nation - 1867

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22
Q

daguerreotype/Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre

A

Reduced exposure time, but only produce one image

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23
Q

Democratic/democracy

A

A part of Modernity: Political revolutions and new ideologies = democratic (democratic revolution)

  • Fights for rights and individual liberties around the Atlantic seaboard
  • A new kind of political community (the nation-state)
  • Nationalism (sense of hierarchy, one nation state is more important than others)
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24
Q

Dutch East/West India Company

A

East: Asia
West: Americas
Hudson seeking NW passage – employed by EAST India company

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25
Q

Effigy mound

A

Effigy mound – shape or an animal

Serpent mound – Largest Effigy mound

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26
Q

“en plein air”

A

“at the moment”

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27
Q

ephemera

A

Record of a moment that has passed

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28
Q

Exotic/exoticizing

A

Talking about colonizing and exoticizing visions

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29
Q

First Nations (Canada)/Native American (US)

A

Indigenous people of North America

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30
Q

Free trade

A

Imposed by force
- People wanted a piece of Japanese economy and culture
- In 1853 Commodore Perry of the US Navy sailed into Tokyo Bay uninvited and demanded that the Japanese begin to trade with the US
Connection – Prussian blue
Imported by the Dutch before Japan opened their borders
Packing paper – throwaway prints from Japan
Artists from Europe receive prints from Japan

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31
Q

George Catlin (American artist)

A

Artist Paul Kane looked at

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32
Q

Gorget

A

Neck ornaments

33
Q

Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann

A

1853 and 1870

Urban renewal program of new roads/boulevards (tasked by Napoleon III)

34
Q

hierarchy of genres (subject matter, e.g.: history painting)

A
  • History Painting – highbrow subjects taken from the classical tradition, the bible or allegories
  • Portraiture – focusing on capturing likeness, this genre was prestigious and lucrative, but less so than history painting
  • Genre Painting – scenes of everyday life, this genre included the human figure but ostensibly did not represent grand ideas (although many genre paintings had moralizing undertones)
  • Landscapes
  • Still Life Painting
35
Q

high art/low art

A

Photography as “high” art

Completed after a court decision in 1862 that permitted photographs to be considered works of art

36
Q

history painting

A

highbrow subjects taken from the classical tradition, the bible or allegories

37
Q

imperial/imperializing/imperialism

A

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means

38
Q

indigenous/settler

A

Native people vs. foreigners

39
Q

Industry/industrialization

A

Art and Industry

  • Industrialization and Invention
  • The Rise of Photography
  • Photography Goes Global
  • The Image and Mechanical Reproduction
40
Q

Industrial revolution

A

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe and the United States, in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840

41
Q

Jamestown

A

Virginia Colony - John Smith Leader

42
Q

Japonisme

A

A French term that refers to the popularity and influence of Japanese art and design in western Europe in the nineteenth century following the forced reopening of trade of Japan in 1858

43
Q

Mound effigy

A

Effigy mound – shape or an animal

Serpent mound – Largest Effigy mound

44
Q

Lithography

A

A printing process that uses a flat stone or metal plate on which the image areas are worked using a greasy substance so that the ink will adhere to them by, while the non-image areas are made ink-repellent

45
Q

“Long Nineteenth Century”

A

A period of major technological innovation
Scientific advances in chemistry and optics chemistry
“Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration” – Edison

46
Q

Manila Galleon Trade

A

For 250 years Galleon trade bridges east and west (early form of globalization)
Manila – largest trade hub in the Orient

47
Q

Middle Passage

A

The Middle Passage was the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the New World as part of the Atlantic slave trade

48
Q

modernism/modernity

A
  1. Political revolutions and new ideologies = democratic (democratic revolution)
  2. The industrial revolution
  3. The age of European dominance
49
Q

Morning star (and evening star)

A

(Gorget significance)

50
Q

Morningstar (and evening star)

A
  • Severed head – Underworld finds fathers head to bring it up
  • Ornament – spear thrower
  • Eye pattern – Faces of certain hawks
  • Mace – Half read (Morningstar) half white (female deity, evening star)
51
Q

Nadar

A

Photographer, journalist, bohemian

Nadar bought himself a big balloon to photograph Paris

52
Q

Naked vs nude (Kenneth Clark’s description)

A

To be naked – deprived of clothes (embarrassment)
To be nude – no uncomfortable overtone (balanced, prosperous, confident body)
- Classical

53
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte

A

Napoleon I, successful during the French Revolution

54
Q

Napoleon III

A

Transforms medieval Paris to urban centre

55
Q

nation-state/nationalism

A

A new kind of political community (the nation-state)

Nationalism (sense of hierarchy, one nation state is more important than others)

56
Q

New Amsterdam/New Netherland (capital)

A

New York used to be New Netherland, and used to be New Amsterdam (capital)

57
Q

Northwest Passage

A

The Northwest Passage is the sea route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through the Arctic Ocean, along the northern coast of North America via waterways through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

58
Q

Old world/New world

A

Indigenous people vs modern world

59
Q

the “Other”

A

Racial “other”

60
Q

“painter of modern life”

A

Manet

61
Q

personification

A

“Noble savage” – The Indian as a personification of America

62
Q

The city of Paris

A

Cultural centre

63
Q

Printmaking

A

The birth of modern printmaking and the explosion of nightlife culture (posters)

64
Q

Plains of Abraham/Seven Years’ War

A

The fate of New France was decided on September 13, 1759, in Québec City, on the Plains of Abraham. This famous battle pitted French troops against English, with their respective Generals Louis‑Joseph de Montcalm and James Wolfe leading the charge.

65
Q

Pocahontas (Rebecca Rolfe)

A

Engraving of Pocahontas by Simon van de Passe – dressed in English costume, with white lace cuffs and high collar, a pearl earring, and holding a white and gold ostrich feather fan. To make Pocahontas’ English transformation complete, her skin, hair, and eye colour have been significantly lightened

66
Q

Powhatan (& John Smith)

A

John Smith – Captured by Powhatan (chief of maybe 30 tribes)

  • He gets away although he was supposed to be killed
  • Saved by Pocahontas
67
Q

Realism/Pavilion of Realism

A

Realism rejects romanticism – away from dramatic lighting, away from allegory, etc.
Exploration of French realism: working man as subject
Pavilion of Realism – Alternative venue to show alternative art: hugely influential

68
Q

French Revolution

A

1789

69
Q

July Revolution

A

1830

70
Q

June Days Uprising - 1848

A

An uprising staged by French workers from 22 to 26 June 1848 because little had changed since the French Revolution of 1789 (liberty)

71
Q

Paris Commune - 1871

A

The Paris Commune was a revolutionary socialist government that controlled Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871

72
Q

Romanticism/Romantic movement

A

Powerful drama of human emotion: anger and passion, but also quiet passages of pleasure and joy
- Remind of Baroque history (light/dark) revival of Baroque
- Energetic, active paint
Idealism - illusion of reality

73
Q

Salon de Paris

A

Neo-Classicism
A particularly pure form of classicism that emerged from about 1750
The Birth of Venus
Angels
Reminiscent of roman sculptures
Ideals of academic art: careful modelling, silky brushwork, and mythological subject
Antonio Canova’s Paolina Borghese as Venus Victorious is inspiration

74
Q

Salon des Refusés

A

“Exhibition of Rejected or Refused Artworks”
The Palais de l’Industrie, Paris 1863
To show paintings rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon, the official showcase of French art, or academic art

75
Q

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

A

Unification of world zones
Slavery common in wartime – subjugation of conquered peoples
Not great source of labour – Europeans didn’t want to move
- Some indentured servants
- Slavery supposedly solved the problem
Starting with prisoners of war, but devolved into kidnapping (rank, society played no part, aristocrats were captured and sold)

76
Q

ukiyo-e (images of the floating world)

A
  • Flat areas of colour

- Closely related photography (cropping etc.)

77
Q

Woodlands (Mississippian culture)

A

What might be buried in a burial mound? – Gorget
Shell found by the Gulf of Mexico
Whelk shell

78
Q

world zones

A

Unify during slave trade

Third Year Second Semester (3 decks)

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