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Third Year Second Semester > Art History Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Art History Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Abu’l Fazl

A 
The Akbarnama (the story) was written in Persian by Abu’l Fazl between 1590 and 1596
This version of the manuscript is thought to be the earliest illustrated version of the
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2
Q

Abū Ishā al-Sahili

A

Abu Isha al-Sahili – assumed architect of Djinguereber Mosque – oldest monument, built using indigenous techniques

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3
Q

adobe (or banco)

A

Mud brick: made by layer upon layer of wet soil (“banco” or adobe) rendered on to limestone rocks or onto bricks made from banco. Used in Djinguereber Mosque

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4
Q

Afroeurasia/Eurasia

A

Africa/Asia + Europe/Asia

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5
Q

Akbar/Akbarbama

A

Akbar, third emperor the Mughal Dynasty
“Book of Akbar”
Akbar supported arts and culture – patron of the arts (important) remained illiterate for his lifetime
7 copies of the Akbarnama exist in the world
Royal copy made for Akbar himself
Mughal painting under Akbar is known for its unique blend of indigenous Indian, Persian, and Western traditions

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6
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Alexander the Great – powerful imperialist – conquered Persian Emperor (greatest power of the world at this time)
Has Persian Heritage

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7
Q

(Iskander/Isfandiyar)

A

“The Bier of Iskander” (Alexander the Great)

Ilkhanid Dynasty

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8
Q

(the) Americas

A

Iberians travelled to Americas
Found routinely crossing the Atlantic was possible
Iberian mariners found an open sea
Passage from Atlantic to pacific
“We’re surrounded by water, we can get anywhere”
Early passages between Europe and Americas

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9
Q

apse*

A

Where magistrate and people held meetings in church

Also where altar is placed

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10
Q

arabesque

A

intertwining plants and abstract curvilinear motifs

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11
Q

arch – round and pointed*

A

Roman – rounded arch (utilitarian)
Gothic – pointed arch (let celestial light in through stained glass windows)
- Invented vaulted arch ** reading – ribbed vault

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12
Q

arts of the book

A

Islamic manuscripts - Combining painting with calligraphy

Teams of artists replicating by hand - unique art form

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13
Q

aryballo

A

Storage jar
Named after Greek influence
Inca, Peru
Large one – utilitarian
Small one – votive, representation, symbolic role (connecting life and death through burial)
Ritualistic exchange of gifts (small symbolic Aryballos)
Insect designs – natural world

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14
Q

astronomy vs. astrology

A

Astronomy - study of stars (scientific)

Astrology - study of the stars impact on real life (spiritual)

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15
Q

altar/altarpiece*

A

Placed in the apse

Altarpiece - image bearing structure

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16
Q

Atlantic Rim

A

Becoming richest and most dynamic area - development of gunpowder empires

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17
Q

Aztec/Mexica

A

After a three-month siege, Spanish forces under Hernãn Cortés capture Tenochititlan, the capital of the Aztec empire. Cortes’ men levelled the city and captured Cuahtemoc, the aztec emperor
10 million people forced from Africa, transferred to Americas for plantation work

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18
Q

Babur/Baburnama

A

Babur founded the Mughal dynasty – a period of court life in South Asia known for its opulence, literary culture, miniature paintings, and monumental architecture.
Book of Babur”
Paintings made in the reign of Babur’s grandson Akbar
Mughals came from central Asia to southern Asia

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19
Q

Baroque*

A

Drama, heightened emotion

- Used by catholic counter-reformation

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20
Q

basilica*

A

Roman bascilica - nave down the centre, square

Used for business

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21
Q

(the) Bible*

A

Word of God. Protestant reformation = Bible (not the Church) the only reliable source of instruction

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22
Q

blue and white ceramics

A

Sea routes linking Ming China with the Mughals of South Asia, the Safavids of West Asia and the Ottomans of West Asia and the Mediterranean

Invention of White porcelain: The most important development in the global history of ceramics – true hard porcelain made from white rock kaolin - China stone ground
Porcelain in high demand in West Asia – but doesn’t have Chinese clay or clay ovens
- Developed imitation porcelain from earthy clay and white glaze

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23
Q

Book of Kings

A

Shahnama - a 50,000-couplet poem recounting the history of Iran from the creation pf the world to the coming of the Arabs in the seventh century through the reigns of fifty successive monarchs
Made for the Mongol Court (Shahnama)
Link between them in the present and stories in the past
“A mirror for princes”

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24
Q

(the) Carolingian

A

800: Charlemagne ,the Carolingian king of the Franks, was crowned Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III
Under Charlemagne, a Carolingian king, the ‘West’ began to take shape as both a territory – Western Europe – and as a religion – Christianity – under the Roman Catholic Church

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25
Renaissance
Carolingian renaissance - Lindau gospels Come from one of Charlemagne’s many Imperial workshops Scriptoria – room (for writing &/or copying manuscripts) Carolingian Renaissance Precious portable objects
26
cathedral
Christian place of worship Hagia sophia (before repurpose) Gothic cathedral in Ghent
27
Catholic Counter-Reformation*
- Ignored Martin Luther - 1545: Council of Trent o Assembly of high officials of the church to address issues - Affirm purgatory and use of buying salvation - Affirm necessity and correctness of religious art - St. Peter’s Basilica – architectural example of fighting Luther o At centre of site is obelisk o Square – arms of the church, reaching out to the faithful Conversion of St. Paul piece
28
Charlemagne (Charles the Great)
800: Charlemagne ,the Carolingian king of the Franks, was crowned Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III Under Charlemagne, a Carolingian king, the ‘West’ began to take shape as both a territory – Western Europe – and as a religion – Christianity – under the Roman Catholic Church
29
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)
Who made the map of Tenochitlan? Hernan Cortez sent to Emperor Charles V – holy roman emperor
30
Christianity/Christendom
The Holy Roman Empire, 753-1806 Resurgence of “Rome” and Christianity Huge amount of politics and shuffling for territory & control Big idea = by the time we get to Napolean (19th C) “modern western Europe – Christendom is “the religion”; the West has risen and taken control – rise of capitalism
31
church plan*
Ancient Roman basilica Used for business Apse – where magistrate and people held meetings Romanesque church plan – arches and structure Put an altar piece in the apse where the priest stands
32
chiaroscuro*
an Italian term which translates as light-dark, and refers to the balance and pattern of light and shade in a painting or drawing
33
cobalt blue
West Asia exported cobalt | Elaborate Tughra with Cobalt blue (cobalt is important)
34
Columbia Exchange
Coined in 1492 | Exchange of food, animals, plants to and from Americas – changed world’s diet globally
35
copper-red glaze
Chinese Red: Colour of power, celebration, fertility, prosperity, and repelling evil Dish with copper-red glaze: Important ceremonial dish to put food in as an offering Red colour from bubbles? Red in China = Privileged – all things auspicious and happy (fire, heart, sun = positive forces of energy) Colours can represent state of existence Monochrome ceramics in china – greatest achievement of ceramics
36
effigy
A sculpture or model of a person; vulture vessel
37
Emperor Yongle (Ming)
Zheng He, a Muslim sea trader  Given over to Chinese as a child transfer from rule Served Chinese emperor Zhu Di, known as the Emperor Yongle Control trading in the Indian Ocean – commissioned 3,500 ships
38
Firdausi
The Bier of Iskander written by Firdausi, 935-1020, a Persian poet of the first rank
39
(the) Great Dying
microorganisms introduced that killed many people in the Americas (smallpox, scarlet fever, influenza, etc.) While the great dying is referring to devastation, there are instances where individuals fight back – use their agency in order to preserve, maintain, persist their way of life
40
Great Global Convergence
- Processes of global convergences, or the linking of the world’s population - Profoundly different from the emergence of the first civilization – acceleration and change
41
Gothic*
Gothic – pointed arch (let celestial light in through stained glass windows) Invented vaulted arch ** reading – ribbed vault Gothic cathedral in Ghent (Belgium) put altar piece by where pastor is giving a sermon
42
Gunpowder Empires
• Safavid – Persia/Iran • Mughal – India • Ottoman – Turkey (Dynasties)
43
hajj to Mecca
King Mansa Musa, Malian King (r. 1312-37 Mali the first MAJOR Islamic empire in sub-Saharan Africa Mansa Musa pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, 1324-25 o Drew attention from Islam and European powers o 1500 men, 1200 slaves, 80 camels, 300lbs carrying tons of gold
44
Hernán Cortés & | the Spanish Conquest
After a three-month siege, Spanish forces under Hernãn Cortés capture Tenochititlan, the capital of the Aztec empire. Cortes’ men levelled the city and captured Cuahtemoc, the Aztec emperor Aztecs claim long history from ancient people Cortes rules Tenochitlan
45
Holy Roman Empire
Christianity dominates Europe Religious leader Grab for territory Colonial outreaches 800: Charlemagne ,the Carolingian king of the Franks, was crowned Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III Under Charlemagne, a Carolingian king, the ‘West’ began to take shape as both a territory – Western Europe – and as a religion – Christianity – under the Roman Catholic Church
46
horror vacui
The filling of the entire surface of a space or an artwork with detail.
47
Ilkhanid Dynasty
Mongol Dynasty
48
Inca/Inka
Inca in the Andean mountains of South America
49
incipit/initial page
Matthew “incipit” page = it begins Initial page – contains initial (on the right) features the opening words of the gospel text Think of these books at “moving” “living, breathing” – they are subject to change
50
Indian Ocean Trade
The Ming Dynasty (China) Anarchy on land encouraged move to sea routes for trade - connection to China through sea Zheng He, a Muslim sea trader served Chinese emperor Zhu Di, known as the Emperor Yongle Control trading in the Indian Ocean – commissioned 3,500 ships Massive ships could have ruled the Indian Ocean and travelled to Americas, but new emperor halted expeditions
51
indulgences*
Sale of indulgences in the Catholic church in order to buy absolution
52
Islam/Islamic
The Persian Safavid Empire, 1501-1722 Greatest dynasty to emerge from Iran in the Islamic period Twelver Shiism, the largest branch of Shia Islam, as the official religion of their dynasty Much of the Safavid art and architecture reflects their adoption of a Shi’a identity
53
Jahangir
Jahangir was known for using religiously-informed allegories, including the adoption of Christian imagery Loved the arts
54
Jingdezhen ware
Chinese porcelain produced in or near Jingdezhen in southern China (Blue and white ceramics)
55
Kirti Mukha
Common in the iconography of Hindu temple architecture of India and Southeast Asia (dragon face)
56
Kufic
Arabic script
57
madrasa
Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious, whether for elementary instruction or higher learning
58
Mali Empire
King Mansa Musa, Malian King (r. 1312-37 | Mali the first MAJOR Islamic empire in sub-Saharan Africa
59
Mansa Musa
Mali King | Mansa Musa pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, 1324-25
60
manuscript illumination
Copying of books (by hand)
61
Martin Luther*
German monk who sparked the Protestant reformation by posting the 95 theses
62
Ming Dynasty
At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, China was a world leader in the use of gunpowder-based weaponry, shipbuilding, and navigation, and the production of porcelain and various other materials requiring technological knowledge Sea routes linking Ming China with the Mughals of South Asia, the Safavids of West Asia and the Ottomans of West Asia and the Mediterranean
63
Mongol Empire (China)
Predating Mughal | India
64
mosque
Followers of Islam that believed in one formless god and built mosques for congregational worship Djinguereber Mosque The Great Friday Mosque of Djenné
65
mud brick
Made by layer upon layer of wet soil (“banco” or adobe) rendered on to limestone rocks or onto bricks made from banco
66
Mughal Empire (India)
Genghis Kahn, collapsed mongol/mughal empire
67
nave *
Part of the middle of a church
68
Ottoman Dynasty (Turkey)
Located in modern day Turkey Began in the 14th Century. Lasted formally as late as 1923, but largely disintegrated by then Turkic Muslim group An expansive geography along the frontiers of the Islamic world Ottomans a world of power Followers of Islam that believed in one formless god and built mosques for congregational worship Don’t believe in forced conversion - -Gave Catholics and Jews quite a lot of protection Capture and seize of Constantinople Ottoman reuse of the Byzantine Cathedral Hagia Sophia.
69
Ottonian
919: a Saxon is elected king, and in 962 his son, Otto I is made Emperor, ushering in a period of immense prosperity and artistic productivity for the Saxon empire Determined to define himself as a Roman Emperor in the style of Constantine and Charlemagne, each Ottonian King perpetuated a highly intellectual court and created an extensive artistic legacy
70
Persian Safavid Empire
Greatest dynasty to emerge from Iran in the Islamic period Twelver Shiism, the largest branch of Shia Islam, as the official religion of their dynasty Much of the Safavid art and architecture reflects their adoption of a Shi’a identity
71
pilgrimage*
Mansa Musa pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca, 1324-25 | Journey for religious reasons
72
porcelain
Invention of White porcelain: The most important development in the global history of ceramics – true hard porcelain made from white rock kaolin  China stone ground Porcelain in high demand in West Asia – but doesn’t have Chinese clay or clay ovens - Developed imitation porcelain from earthy clay and white glaze Jingdezhen ware Monochrome red dish Chinese porcelains were popular luxury objects in the Persian empire in 15th-17th Centuries
73
Protestant Reformation*
* Rebellion against the catholic church + a bid to reform it * Change the sale of indulgences - absolution * Martin Luther sparked the reformation by posting the 95 theses * Invention of the printing press + translation of the Bible into vernacular * = Bible (not the Church) the only reliable source of instruction * Direct relationship to God
74
(cult of the) relic | Romanesque *
Relics in churches to draw visitors on pilgrimages
75
Roman Catholic Church
Main form of Christianity before the Protestant Reformation
76
(trans) Saharan Trade
African trade routes show movement across Sahara going North and East
77
Saz style
vibrant floral compositions, pale background
78
scriptoria
room for writing &/or copying manuscripts
79
Shahnama
“Book of Kings” – a 50,000-couplet poem recounting the history of Iran from the creation pf the world to the coming of the Arabs in the seventh century through the reigns of fifty successive monarchs Made for the Mongol Court (Shahnama) Link between them in the present and stories in the past “A mirror for princes”
80
Shah Jahan
5th Mughal descendant | Builder of the Taj Mahal
81
Shah Tahmasp
1568- Shah Tahmasp gave expensive illustrated copy to (idk… alexander?) Turkmen School: lively treatment and bright colours of landscape and surfaces Herat school: sober palette and balanced compositional layout
82
Silk Roads
Major Network of Trade
83
Sudano-Sahelian style
Djinguereber Mosque – oldest monument, built using indigenous techniques Imported architect, Sudano-Sahelian style Abu Isha al-Sahili – assumed architect Timbuktu, Mali
84
Tenochtitlán (Mexico City) & Templo Mayor*
Complex, developed, planned, etc Capital of the Aztec Empire Templo Mayor - Site for Ritual & Ceremony Two pyramids side by side – representing two sacred mountains Contain principal idols and human sacrifice Must convert barbarians. Change idols to image of the virgin Mary which morphs into “Our lady of Guadalupe” Irony of preventing human sacrifice, but conquers the city Wind and Storm God… interpreted Cortes’ arrival as the arrival of this God.
85
Timbuktu
Timbuktu has a LARGE collection of Arabic manuscripts Legendary city in West Africa (now Mali) A significant religious, cultural, and commercial centre A market for obtaining the goods and products of Africa south of the desert (connected) African trade routes show movement across Sahara going North and East Connected to Atlantic ocean by river A major city in the Mali and then Songhai Empire, and a centre of Islamic scholarship (KEY) 2500 universities or something crazy Wellspring for spread of Islam Intellectual, cultural, religious centre Sacred Muslim texts, in bound editions, were carried great distances to Timbuktu
86
Timur (Tamer the Lame, or Tamerlane)
Mongol Ancestor of Babur
87
toron
Projections from mosque for maintenance of brick
88
tughra
an Insignia that belongs to Sultan Süleiman the Magnificent Tughra is simply insignia, isn’t solely for Sultan, but used by Sultan for royal edicts, coins, etc. Elaborate Tughra with Cobalt blue (cobalt is important)
89
ukiyo-e (floating world)
Printmaking in Japan Drawn on paper, transferred onto translucent paper, transferred to wood block, carve out negative space Used to be used for text, now used for coloured images – dissemination (getting many images out to many people)
90
Venice
“hinge” between East and West Venice would dominate the trade in luxury goods in the 14th century Venice grew to be one of the largest cities in Europe and the capital of a great trading empire As Byzantium fell to the Ottomans, Venetians increasingly came into contact with Muslims and their ideas, culture, and way of life Player, interpreter, connection that made goods flow from the east to Europe and Venice to the east Venice became Christian Europe’s most important interface with the Muslim civiizations of the Near East
91
(the) ‘West’/the ‘East’
Europe vs Asia
92
Western Europe
Centres of Power and Prosperity - Architecture, imagery & Christian faith - Reformation and counter-reformation Christianity is ruling Western Europe
93
woodblock printing | /printmaking/printing press
Woodblock printing from East Asia Print-making in Europe - Close to talking about the printing press Precedent for printing press in China and Korea – Clay movable characters
94
Zheng He
Zheng He, a Muslim sea trader  Given over to Chinese as a child transfer from rule Served Chinese emperor Zhu Di, known as the Emperor Yongle Control trading in the Indian Ocean – commissioned 3,500 ships Zheng He’s inscription, dedicated to Tianfei or “Heavenly Princess,” the goddess of Chinese sailors:

Third Year Second Semester (3 decks)

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