arteries, veins and control of pulmonary vascular resistance

Question 1

name the types of blood vessels in the CVS

Answer 1

large arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins

Question 2

which 2 primary cell types are the blood vessels in the CVS composed of?

Answer 2

endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells

Question 3

where in the hear are endothelial cells found?

Answer 3

lining all vessels and in the inside of the heart chambers

Question 4

what are endothelial cells in the heart important for?

Answer 4

local blood pressure control, preventing platelet aggregation and blood clot formation, angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels), vessel remodelling, permeability barrier for nutrients/fluid between plasma and interstitial fluid

Question 5

which vessels is vascular smooth muscle found in?

Answer 5

all vessels except the smallest capillaries

Question 6

what is the function of vascular smooth muscle in the CVS?

Answer 6

determine vessel radius by contraction and relaxation, secrete extracellular matrix giving vessels elastic properties

Question 7

which disease causes vascular smooth muscle to multiply?

Answer 7

hypertension

Question 8

why is arterial elasticity important?

Answer 8

allow large arteries to act as pressure reservoir, prevent pressure falling to 0 as blood leaves arteries during diastole

Question 9

what is systemic circulation?

Answer 9

the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart through the aorta from the left ventricle

Question 10

what is pulmonary circulation?

Answer 10

the portion of the circulatory system which carries deoxygenated blood away from the right ventricle of the heart, to the lungs,

Question 11

what is normal BP (systolic/diastolic)

Answer 11

120/80

Question 12

what does MAP stand for?

Answer 12

Mean Arterial Pressure

Question 13

what 2 equations can be used to calculate MAP?

Answer 13

. diastolic BP + 1/3 pulse pressure

. CO x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

Question 14

what does pulse pressure equal?

Answer 14

systolic - diastolic BP

Question 15

what is BP measured in?

Answer 15

mmHg

Question 16

describe the structure of the aorta and arteries

Answer 16

very thick walled/ elastic

Question 17

describe the structure of the capillaries

Answer 17

vast surface area, 1 cell thick

Question 18

describe the structure of the venules, veins and vena cava

Answer 18

very distensible

Question 19

which volume and type of blood does the aorta and arteries carry

Answer 19

small volume of blood at high pressure

Question 20

how does the structure of capillaries aid their function?

Answer 20

vast surface area for interchange of substances with extracellular fluid of tissues

Question 21

which type of blood vessels can be described as a collecting reservoir?

Answer 21

veins, venules and vena cava

Question 22

which blood vessels carry blood at low pressure?

Answer 22

veins, venules and vena cava

Question 23

which blood vessels contain most of the blood?

Answer 23

veins, venules and vena cava

Question 24

what is an erythrocyte?

Answer 24

red blood cell

Question 25

what is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 25

the pressure the blood in capillaries exerts on the capillary wall

Question 26

what does hydrostatic pressure favour?

Answer 26

movement of fluid out of the capillaries

Question 27

what is colloid pressure?

Answer 27

intrinsic osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins

Question 28

what does colloid pressure favour?

Answer 28

movement of fluid into capillary

Question 29

what are the 2 ends of the capillary?

Answer 29

arterial and venous

Question 30

what happens to hydrostatic pressure as BP drops arterially to venously?

Answer 30

hydrostatic pressure decreases

Question 31

what happens to colloid pressure as BP drops arterially to venously?

Answer 31

remains the same as plasma proteins too large to leave capillary

Question 32

which end does fluid move into the capillary at?

Answer 32

venous

Question 33

what is the clinal name fro excess fluid in the lungs and what are 2 causes of this condition?

Answer 33

pulmonary oedema - high altitude or left heart failure

Question 34

which clinical condition causes jugular distension (bulging neck vein)

Answer 34

right heart failure

Question 35

what are the 2 types of alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists?

Answer 35

selective and non-selective

Question 36

what is the function of alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists?

Answer 36

decrease vasoconstriction tone

Question 37

which alpa-adrenoreceptor agonist is used therapeutically and why?

Answer 37

selective as it does not alter HR or CO, non-selective causes hypotension

Question 38

give an example of when we want to constrict blood vessels

Answer 38

nasal decongestants to vasoconstrictor mucosal blood vessels

Question 39

define hyperaemia

Answer 39

increased blood flow to organs

Question 40

define reactive hyperaemia

Answer 40

hyperaemia after blood flow is temporarily blocked

Question 41

define active hyperaemia

Answer 41

change in O2/CO2/cellular metabolites dilate arterioles