cardiovascular system anatomy

Question 1

what may the CVS also be known as?

Answer 1

circulatory system

Question 2

the CVS is an organ transporting system, what doe is it transport?

Answer 2

oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients

Question 3

what does the CVS consist of?

Answer 3

heart, blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries), blood, lymphatic system

Question 4

which fluid surrounds cells?

Answer 4

interstitial fluid

Question 5

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 5

absorbs excess fluid (lymph) and returns it back to CVS

Question 6

what are the 2 loops of circulation?

Answer 6

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

Question 7

describe pulmonary circulation

Answer 7

. oxygen depleted blood passes from heart to lungs

. oxygenated blood returns to heart

Question 8

describe systemic circulation

Answer 8

. oxygenated blood passes from heart to rest of body

. deoxygenated blood returns to heart

Question 9

what is the name for everything present in the chest other than the lungs?

Answer 9

mediastinum

Question 10

name the 2 types of pericardium

Answer 10

parietal and visceral

Question 11

what type of fluid is found between the 2 layers of pericardium?

Answer 11

serous

Question 12

what is contained within the 2 layers of pericardium?

Answer 12

pericardial activity containing pericardial fluid

Question 13

what structure equates to the bottom of the superior mediastinum?

Answer 13

sternal angle (bump of bone in chest)

Question 14

the heart forms the bulk of what structure?

Answer 14

inferior mediastinum

Question 15

which tissue stops the heart jumping?

Answer 15

pericardium

Question 16

which vein drains all structure above the heart?

Answer 16

superior vena cava

Question 17

which vein drains all structures below the heart?

Answer 17

inferior vena cava

Question 18

why must the foetus retain nutrients and oxygen from the mother?

Answer 18

its lungs are not in use

Question 19

which structure carries blood to the foetus from the placenta?

Answer 19

umbilical vein

Question 20

which structure present only in the foetus directs blood away from the liver?

Answer 20

ductus venosus

Question 21

where does blood from the ductus venosus enter instead of the liver?

Answer 21

inferior vena cava

Question 22

which structure present only in the foetus directs blood from the right to left side of the heart, bypassing the lungs?

Answer 22

Foramen ovale

Question 23

which structure present only in the foetus directs blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta?

Answer 23

ductus arteriosus

Question 24

what is the function of the ductus venosus?

Answer 24

directs blood away from the liver to the inferior vena cava

Question 25

what is the function of the foramen ovale?

Answer 25

directs blood from the right to left side of the heart, bypassing the lungs

Question 26

what is the function of the ductus arteriosus?

Answer 26

directs blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta

Question 27

which vessels supply the heart muscle?

Answer 27

coronary arteries

Question 28

which vessels drain the heart muscle?

Answer 28

coronary veins

Question 29

why is the left ventricle larger than the right?

Answer 29

it pumps blood all around the body as opposed to just the lungs

Question 30

what is the correct name for heart strings?

Answer 30

chordinae tindinae

Question 31

what is the function of chordinae tindinae?

Answer 31

hold things in place so valves don't go backwards

Question 32

what structural defect may allow blood to travel from left to right side?

Answer 32

foramen ovale does not correctly shut

Question 33

what happens when the foramen ovale does not correctly shut?

Answer 33

blood travels from left to right, so right side under more pressure becoming larger and not pumping effectively

Question 34

what is the septum?

Answer 34

wall separating both chambers

Question 35

what is an increase in muscle size of RV or RA called?

Answer 35

hypertrophy

Question 36

describe the first heart sounds and what it is caused by

Answer 36

"lub" - loud noise due to closure of AV valves during ventricular systole

Question 37

describe the second heart sounds and what it is caused by

Answer 37

"dub" - softer sound due to closure of semilunar valves during atrial diastole

Question 38

which structures prevent valve flaps entering atria?

Answer 38

chordinae tindinae and papillary muscle

Question 39

give an example of a clinical condition caused by infection in heart valves

Answer 39

infective endocarditis

Question 40

give a clinical condition associated with blood supply to heart

Answer 40

coronary artery disease (CAD)

Question 41

name the 2 types of coronary artery disease

Answer 41

ischaemia and infarction

Question 42

describe ischaemia

Answer 42

collateral circulation (blood vessels develop round area of narrowing vessels), angina pectoris (chest pain)

Question 43

describe infarction

Answer 43

results in dead tissue

Question 44

what is another name for a heart attack?

Answer 44

myocardial infarction

Question 45

describe ventricular fibrillation

Answer 45

rapid irregular ventricle contraction not compatible with pulmonary or systemic circulation lead to cardias arrest

Question 46

describe atrial fibrillation

Answer 46

rapid, irregular contraction of diff parts of atria

Question 47

what is the effect of systole on arterial walls?

Answer 47

causes expansion

Question 48

what is the effect of diastole on arterial walls?

Answer 48

recoil

Question 49

how is blood flow maintained in arterial vessels?

Answer 49

varying capillary diameter

Question 50

name the 3 histological layers of arterial vessels

Answer 50

tunica intima, tunique media, tunica adventitia

Question 51

what type of fibres are present in tunica media?

Answer 51

elastic/smooth muscle

Question 52

the tunica adventitia consists of what type of tissue?

Answer 52

connective

Question 53

name some elastic arteries

Answer 53

aorta, common carotid, pulmonary

Question 54

name some muscular arteries

Answer 54

coronary, cerebral, radial, femoral

Question 55

what are arterioles?

Answer 55

terminal branches supplying capillary bed

Question 56

which type of arteries are generally closer to the hear?

Answer 56

elastic

Question 57

what is the venous system?

Answer 57

low pressure collecting system

Question 58

how is blood from the venous system sucked into the chest?

Answer 58

the chest has negative pressure