arthritis and sport

Question 1

heuter volkmann principle

Answer 1

compression of growth plate causes decreased growth, but stretching of it accelerates it

Question 2

varus vs valgus, and why football players are varus

Answer 2

bow legged (knees going out) vs knees caving in- due to football players putting a lot of compression on medial side on knee joint= less growth on medial side due to volkmanns principle= varus, thus exercise can effect joint shape

Question 3

varus vs valgus ie joint shape on risk of OA and treatment

Answer 3

increases risk- if varus, it erodes cartilage on lateral side, leading to no space between lateral femur and tibia on an XRAY,thus an OSTEOTOMY cuts the bone sticking out

Question 4

wolffs law

Answer 4

the more load you put on a bone, the more the bone responds by laying down more bone

Question 5

developmental dysplasia of the hip in babies and OA

Answer 5

if the head of the femur goes correctly into the acetabulum, the body responds by laying bone around it due to wolffs law, but if it’s not completely aligned in the acetabulum, this hip joint will be weak, and increases risk of OA, as part of femur not in socket can erode

Question 6

DIAGRAM CAM and PINCER hips and OA

Answer 6

femoral neck put under heavy loads, and responds due to wolffs law by laying down bone vs hip lays down more bone= deep socket: i both constantly hit the acetabulum around it and erode the cartilage around it, increasing risk of OA

Question 7

DIAGRAM synovial joint and what secretes the synovial fluid

Answer 7

cartilage covering bone, which a joint cavity with synovial fluid, surrounded by synovial membrane which secretes the fluid

Question 8

DIAGRAM structure of cartilage

Answer 8

superficial gliding zone (has horizontal gliding collagen fibres), then transitional zone (fibres vertical+ horizontal), then deep zone (vertical fibres to resist compression), followed by the TIDEMARK BARRIER, which separates non-calcified cartilage from calcified cartilage

Question 9

DIAGRAM effect of ACL rupture + effect on risk of OA

Answer 9

middle of tibia goes forward compared to middle of femur- can cause wearing down of cartilage/bone, thus increases risk of OA

Question 10

effect of medial meniscal tear on risk of OA

Answer 10

massively increased load on cartilage on medial side, wearing out the cartilage= increased risk of OA