Arthrits

Question 1

What types of joints are there?

Answer 1

Fibrous
synovial
cartilaginous

Question 2

Describe synovial joints

Answer 2

surrounded by fibrous outer layer = synovial membrane - secretes synovial fluid
articular surfaces are lined by hyaline cartilage

Question 3

How many types of synovial joint?

Answer 3

6 types; plane, hinge, saddle, condyloid, ball and socket and pivot

Question 4

Describe fibrous joints

Answer 4

bones are attached by fibrous tissue e.g. skull

Question 5

What is a syndesosis?

Answer 5

Type of fibrous joint where they are united by a sheet of fibrous tissue e.g I membrane between ulnar and radius

Question 6

Describe cartilaginous joints

Answer 6

articular surfaces are covered by hyaline but no joint cavity- connected by fibro cartilage
e.g. pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs
Only slight movement possible

Question 7

What causes osteophytes?

Answer 7

When there is a degeneration of cartilage = bone rubbing.

Subchondral bone attempts to repair but produces osteophytes

Question 8

Describe osteoarthritis of the digits

Answer 8

asymmetry
distal interphalangeal joints = more involved than proximal
DIP- heberdens nodes
PIP- Bouchards nodes

Question 9

What are the causes of secondary osteoarthritis?

Answer 9

Trauma, congenital malformation e.g hip dyplasia, abnormal stress- obesity and neuropathic (Charcots) joints where a loss of sensation = damage and destruction: DM

Question 10

Describe RhA

Answer 10

Autoimmune progressive disease- synovial joints
Anti-bs attack synovial membrane
HLA-DR4
symmetrical - can be associated with Rh factor

Question 11

What happens in RhA?

Answer 11

Synovial membrane = inflamed and infiltrated by lymphocytes = fibrous plaque formation at edges of joint = pannus
panus destroyes underlying cartilage and bone = ankyloses (fusing of joints)

Question 12

describe Rh of the hand

Answer 12

Disruption of metacarpophalangeal joints = subluxation and ulnar deviation of digits
Fixed flexion of PIP - Boutonnieres deformity
fixed hyperextension of PIP= swan neck

Question 13

Describe Seronegative spondyloarthropathies

Answer 13

Rh factor negative
HLA-B27
4 conditions: ankylosing spondylitis, reactive arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and enteropathic arthritis
spine and peripheral joints

Question 14

Describe ankylosing spondylitis

Answer 14

M>F
Onset in early 20s
Fusion starts in sacroiliac joint and progresses cranially
Bamboo spine = complete fusion

Question 15

What does GALS stand for?

Answer 15

Gait, Arms, legs and spine

Question 16

What does REMS involve?

Answer 16

Look, feel, move and function

Question 17

What causes wind swept deformity?

Answer 17

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Question 18

describe primary osteoarthritis

Answer 18

before age 45 mainly affects males
family pattern is apparent in some cases- mutation of type II collagen gene
Most affected 75-79 years

Question 19

Describe gout

Answer 19

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Question 20

What is the payers sign

Answer 20

DM

???

Question 21

What is dermtomyositis

Answer 21

Inflammation of muscles and skin

Question 22

Signs of marfans

Answer 22

Long limbs
very long digits and toes
stretchy skin

Question 23

Pseudo-gout?

Answer 23

due to calcium pyrophosphate

Question 24

Calcium hydroxyapaptite

Answer 24

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