Arthrology

Question 0

Boney Fit:

Answer 0

how they fit together, aka bone congruency.

Question 1

Articular System

Answer 1

where two bones come together. You can define them based upon their amount of movement and fit.

Question 2

Bone Tissues:

Answer 2

joint capsule, ligaments, cartilage.

Question 3

The function of synarthroses is:

Answer 3

Stability. They don’t allow much movement, have taut binding tissues and good congruency.

Question 4

Examples of synarthroses:

Answer 4

Sutures in skull

Question 5

Function of diarthroses:

Answer 5

Mobility. Allow for a lot of movement, have loose binding tissue, and poor bone congruency.

Question 6

Examples of diarthroses:

Answer 6

shoulder joint, knee joint (kinda)

Question 7

Amphiarthroses

Answer 7

In between synarthroses and diarthroses.

Question 8

Examples of amphiarthroses:

Answer 8

Elbow joint, pubic symphisis

Question 9

3 Structural Categories of Joints Based on Binding Tissues

Answer 9

1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial

Question 10

Types of Fibrous Joints

Answer 10

1. sutures
2. syndesmoses
3. gomphoses

Question 11

Fibrous joints: syndesmoses

Answer 11

Interosseous membrane between ulna and radius: provides for a relatively large amount of movement (supination and pronation)
Also one between tibia and fibula, which has small amount of movement (so these can have a lot or a little movement).

Question 12

Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 12

1. synchondroses

2. symphysis

Question 13

Hyaline Cartilage Joints only found in:

Answer 13

immature skeletons as epiphyseal plates, or in an adult as costal cartilage

Question 14

Hyaline Cartilage vs. Fibrocartilage vs. Elastic cartilage

Answer 14

both are binding tissues in cartilaginous joints
HC: matrix is 40% collagen, 60% gel
FC: has the most abundant amount of cartilage, 70% collagen, 10% elastin, 20% gel substance
Elastic cartilage: almost entirely made up of elastin

Question 15

Synostosis

Answer 15

condition in which there is no longer any epiphyseal disc

Question 16

Examples of symphyses

Answer 16

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

Question 17

Synovial Joints

Answer 17

most abundant joint in body. Binding tissue is called fibrous joint
capsule, made of dense, fibrous irregular tissue. Provide movements in several different planes. Collagen is the primary binding tissue. This holds the bones together!
In this type of joint, the bony ends are covered in cartilage, called articular cartilage. This provides a nice smooth surface on the ends of the bones, reducing the frictional forcers and stresses related to movement. It also deforms when loaded, to change shape and distribute forces among a grater area, reducing compressional stress.

Question 18

Synovial Membranes

Answer 18

Lining the joint capsule and produces synovial fluid. The fluid has the texture of egg white, and serves as a lubricant for the joint. Therefore, it reduces the frictional forces and stress too. It also nourishes the articular cartilage by being forced into the articular cartilage, which is accomplished by movement.

Question 19

Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) machine

Answer 19

keeps the joint moving to prevent the synovial fluid from stopping, aka promoting healing

Question 20

Fibrocartilage pads

Answer 20

articular disc, that increase boney fit/ congruency, and reduce the compressional stresses.

Question 21

Joint capsule: 3 types of ligaments

Answer 21

Intrinsic ligaments: found completely inside the joint (more rare)
extrinsic ligaments: on the outside of the capsule.
capsular ligaments: most abundant, sometimes a thickening of the joint capsule, and typically can anchor to one of the bones.

Question 22

Role of ligaments in the joint capsule

Answer 22

ligaments are there to support the joint capsule. They will limit the ROM in one direction or another.

Question 23

Force/area=

Answer 23

stress

this is what tissue is sensitive to. Its not really the amount of force, but how much area is is distributed over.

Question 24

Osteokinematics

Answer 24

the movement of the bones and the relationship between those movements

Question 25

Arthrokinematics

Answer 25

study of the movement of the joint, as opposed to the movement of the things around/outside the joint

Question 26

Axis of Rotation (AOR)

Answer 26

imaginary rod that passes through the center of a joint at right angles to the plane of movement.

Question 27

3 Types of Movement

Answer 27

1. spinning 2. translation (gliding) 3. rolling

Question 28

Movement: Spinning

Answer 28

one bone remains motionless while the other bone spins around it. AOR stays the same thru this. No translation.

Question 29

Movement: Translation

Answer 29

AOR will move from original to new movement. No rolling or spinning, just moving in the same line.

Question 30

Movement: Rolling

Answer 30

rolls around a new pivot point, rotation and displacement. Rolling = joint distraction, the other movements will not result in this. In our joints, all of these things will happen. When joint is not working right, we will feel pain.

Question 31

Combined Movements

Answer 31

AOR changes position (can't be pure spinning, so there must be a combination of rolling or something else too) By tracking AOR, we can get info about the injury.

Question 32

Luxation vs. Subluxation

Answer 32

luxation: complete dislocation subluxation: articular surfaces are not completely displaced

Question 33

Sprain vs. Strain

Answer 33

sprain: tears or stretching of ligamentous or joint capsule strain: muscle or tendon

Question 34

Rheumatoid vs. Osteoarthritis

Answer 34

rheumatoid: genetic, affects multiple synovial joints osteoarthritis: natural wear and tear on specific joints.

Question 35

Plane Joint

Answer 35

one flat surface sliding along another flat surface, no true plane or axis of rotation. We'll need multiple articulations to occur for movement. ex: carpals moving against each other

Question 36

Pivot Joint

Answer 36

head is spinning, only allows movement in a single plane (uniplanar or uniaxial) ex. radioulnar joint, axis/atlas joint

Question 37

Hinge joint

Answer 37

only has movement in one single plane | ex: elbow joint, ankle joint

Question 38

Condyloid/ellipsoid Joint

Answer 38

bi-axial, have both concave and convex surface, allows for movement in two planes. ex: metacarpal/phalangeal joint, and knee, kinda!)

Question 39

Saddle Joint

Answer 39

biplanar and bi-axial | ex: carpometacarpal joint in the hand

Question 40

Ball and Socket Joint

Answer 40

also know as the spheroidal joint, has three mutually perpendicular axes of motion, resulting in 6 primary movements. Ex: hip joint

Question 41

3 Planes of Movement

Answer 41

1. Sagittal 2. Frontal 3. Transverse

Question 42

Sagittal Plane Movement

Answer 42

Flex/extend: GH, elbow, hip, knee, spine, etc... Plantar-flex/dorsiflex: ankle Use the reference angle rule!

Question 43

Reference Angle

Answer 43

side of joint that has the greatest amount of movement (i.e. reference angle on anterior side of the radioulnar arm, so if angle decreases = flexion, and if angle increases = extension).

Question 44

Does the ankle extend?

Answer 44

No! Only flexes

Question 45

Frontal Plane Movement

Answer 45

``` Abduction/adduction: GH, hip Lateral Flex: spine Elevation/depression: shoulder girdle Up/down rotation: shoulder girdle Inversion/eversion: intertarsal Ulnar/radial deviation: wrist ```

Question 46

Transverse Plane Movement

Answer 46

Medial/lateral (internal/external) rotation: GH, hip Rotation right/left: spine Pronation/supination: radioulnar

Question 47

How do you determine the plane of motion?

Answer 47

To find the plane of motion, find the axis of rotation and then it will be perpendicular. Always reference to the sternum.