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AS Level Chemistry > AS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REASCTIONS > Flashcards

AS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY REASCTIONS Flashcards

1
Q

Number of ways to convert an alkene to halogenoalkane

A
  1. Addition of a hydrogen Halide

2. Addition of halogen

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2
Q

Addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes

A
  • Electrophilic additio
  • Bubble through a concentrated solution
  • Room temperature
  • Major an minor products
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3
Q

Addition of Halogen

A
  • Addition reactions
  • Free Radical substitution
  • Room temperature
  • Decolorisation -> good test for C=C
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4
Q

What is the way that a halogenoalkane can be converted to an alkene?

A

Elimination reactions

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5
Q

Describe the elimination reaction of a halogenoalkane to alkene

A
  • Done under ethanolic NaOH

- involves the loss of an HX group

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6
Q

How can an alkene be converted to an alkane?

A

By the addition of Hydrogen

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7
Q

Addition of Hydrogen to an alkene

A
  • Addition reaction

- Nickel Catalyst

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8
Q

2 ways that an alkene can be converted to an alcohol

A
  1. Addition of Steam

2. Cold dilute acidified manganate solution (VII)

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9
Q

Describe the addition of steam in making an alcohol from an alkene.

A
  • Addition reaction
  • Catalyst: Conc Phosphoric acid
  • 330 Degrees Celsius
  • 6 MPa pressure
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10
Q

Cold Acidified Manganate reaction of Alkenes

A
  • Makes Diols
  • Dilute solution fo KMnO4
  • Goes from purple to colourless
  • Room temperature/Pressure
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11
Q

How can an alcohol be made into an alkene?

A
  • Dehydration reaction
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12
Q

Dehydration of Alcohol

A
  • Makes Alkene
  • Elimination reaction
  • Loss of water
  • Catalyst: Hot Aluminium Oxide Powder
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13
Q

Aldehyde from Alkene

A

Oxidation with KMnO4

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14
Q

Oxidation of Alkenes under distillation

A
  • Produces Aldehyde

- Hot Concentrated KMnO4

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15
Q

Carboxylic acid from aldehyde

A

Oxidation with concentrated KMnO4 under reflux

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16
Q

Aldehyde to Alcohol

A

Reduction.

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17
Q

Oxidation of Alcohol to Aldehyde

A
  • Acidified (H2SO4) K2Cr2O7
  • Orange -> Green
  • warming required
  • primary alcohol
  • Distill to prevent carboxylic acid formation
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18
Q

Alcohol to Aldehyde

A

Oxidation

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19
Q

Reduction of Aldehyde to Alcohol

A
  • Reducing agent: LiAlH4 / NaBH4
    • if LiAlH4, then under dry ether
    • if NaBH4, then (NaOH)aq + warm
  • Primary alcohol
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20
Q

Halogenoalkane to nitriles

A

Substitution with Cyanide, CN-

21
Q

Halogenoalkanes substitution with Cyanide

A
  • Ethanolic solution of KCN

- heated under reflux with the halogenoalkane

22
Q

Halogenoalkane to hydrolysis

A
  1. Substitution with Aqueous alkali, OH-

2. Hydrolysis

23
Q

Halogenoalkane substitution with aqueous alkali

A
  • Produce halogenoalkane
  • warmed NaOH
  • SN1 Mechanism
  • Nucleophilic substitution
24
Q

Hydrolysis of alcohol

A
  • Produces Halogenoalkane
  • carried out under reflux
  • slower than NaOH
  • rate can be investigated with AgNo3
  • SN2 Mechanism
25
Q

Alcohol to Halogenoalkane

A
  1. Substitution

2. Halogenation

26
Q

Halogenation of alcohols

A
  • Alcohol is heated under reflux

- halogenoalkane produced then distilled

27
Q

4 ways of substituting an alcohol to halogenoalkane

A
  1. HX (Hydrogen halide) made insitu
  2. SOCl2 (sulfur dichloride)
  3. Phosphorus (V) Chloride
  4. PI3 or PBr3
28
Q

Hydrogen halide made insitu

A

NaCl + H2SO4 -> NaHSO4 + HCl

Used in substitution of alcohol to halogenoalkane

29
Q

Alcohol substitution with Sulfur dichloride

A
  • No distillation

- halhhogenolkane, HCl and SO2 produced

30
Q

Alcohol substitution with solid PCl5

A
  • used as a test for OH group
  • For chloroalkanes
  • steamy fumes of HCl produced
  • halogenoalkane, HCl and POCl3 produced
31
Q

Alcohol substitution with PI3/ PBr3

A
  • To make bromo/iodoalkanes
  • made insitu with red phosphorus and bromine or iodine
  • Warmed with alcohol
32
Q

Amines from Halogenoalkanes

A
  • Substitution with ammonia, NH3 in ethanol
33
Q

Halogenoalkane substitution with ammonia

A
  • makes amines
  • Excess ammonia in ethanol under pressure
  • Nucleophilic addition
  • Ammonia is a nucleophile
  • can go onto form secondary and tertiary amines
34
Q

Amines from nitriles

A

Reduction

35
Q

Reduction of nitriles

A
  • Produces amines

- using sodium and ethanol

36
Q

Aldehyde to nitriles

A

Addition of HCN-

37
Q

Addition of HCN- to aldehydes

A
  • Produces Nitriles
  • Nucleophilic addition
  • HCN insitu: NaCN + H2SO4
38
Q

Alkenes to Ketones

A
  • Oxidation
39
Q

Oxidation of Alkenes

A
  • Produces Ketones

- Hot Conc. KMnO4

40
Q

Nitrile to Carboxylic acid

A
  • Reflux with dilute HCl
41
Q

Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

A
  • K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 (Acidified potassium dichromate)
  • Orange to Green
  • Warming required
  • Secondary Alcohols
42
Q

Ketone to Secondary Alcohol

A

Reduction

43
Q

Reduction of a Ketone

A
  • Produces a secondary Alcohol
  • NaBH4/LiAlH4 used as reducing agents
    • LiAlH4 used in dry ether at rtp
    • NaBH4 warm in aqueous alkaline
44
Q

Carboxylic acid to alcohol

A

Reduction

45
Q

Reduction fo carboxylic acid

A
  • Reducing agent: LiAlH4 in dry ether at rtp

- Produces Alcohol

46
Q

Esterification

A
  • H2SO4 (Acid Catalyst)
  • Heated under reflux
  • Sweet fruity smelling substance
47
Q

Hydrolysis of esters

A
  1. heat under reflux with acid/base -> Equilibrium

2. heat under reflux with NaOH -> Full hydrolysis

48
Q

Reaction of Alcohol with Sodium metal

A
  • Breakage of the OH bond

- Longer hydrocarbons are less vigrous

AS Level Chemistry (11 decks)

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