Chpater 14: Introduction To Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What is the general formula of an Alkane?

Answer 1

CnH2n

Question 2

What is the general formula of a halogenoalkane with a halogen X

Answer 2

CnH2n+1X

Question 3

What is the general formula of an aldehyde?

Answer 3

CnH2n+1CHO

Question 4

What is the general formula of a Ketone?

Answer 4

CnH2n+1COCmH2m+1

Question 5

What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?

Answer 5

CnH2nCOOH

Question 6

What is a sigma bond?

Answer 6

It is a single covalent bond formed by the end on overlap of atomic orbitals.

Question 7

What is a pi bond?

Answer 7

It is when multiple covalent bonds involving the sideways overlap of p atomic orbitals.

Question 8

What bonds the two atoms in a sigma bond?

Answer 8

The electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged electrons and the positive nucleus.

Question 9

Describe and explain the positioning of organic molecules containing sigma bonds.

Answer 9

The atoms like to position themselves as far apart from each other as possible and thus form bond angles of 109.5

Question 10

What are the two ways that a covalent bond might break?

Answer 10

By a homolytic fission and a heterolytic fission.

Question 11

What does homolytic fission mean?

Answer 11

It means that when the bond is broken, each atom is left with just one electron, leading to the formation of a free radical.

Question 12

What are three steps in the mechanism of a homolytic fission?

Answer 12

1. Initiation
2. Propagation
3. termination

Question 13

What is the initiation step of a homolytic fission?

Answer 13

It involves the breaking of the halogen-halogen bond by UV light from the sun.

Question 14

What is the propagation step of homolytic fission?

Answer 14

It is when the radicals that have formed in propagation are able to attack reactant molecules generating more free radicals, and so on.

Question 15

What is the termination step of a homolytic fission?

Answer 15

It is the step where two free radicals will react to produce a molecule.

Question 16

What does Heterolytic fission mean?

Answer 16

It means that that the more electronegative atoms takes both the electrons in the covalent bond.

Question 17

What is a carbocation?

Answer 17

An alkyl group carrying a single positive charge on one of its carbon atoms, e.g +CH2CH3

Question 18

What is mean by thee positive inductive effect?

Answer 18

It is the tendency of alkyl groups to push electrons away from them, due to the other end of the bond attracting it more strongly.

Question 19

What is an electrophile?

Answer 19

Is an acceptor of a pair of electrons.

Question 20

What are nucleophiles?

Answer 20

They are electron rich species that are donators of a pair of electrons.

Question 21

What is an elimination reaction?

Answer 21

Is a reaction in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule. For example, removing the OH from a carboxylic acid.

Question 22

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 22

It is the breakdown of a molecule using a water.

Question 23

What is oxidation in terms of organic reaction?

Answer 23

It is the addition of oxygen atoms or the removal of hydrogen atoms from a molecule.