ASA103 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What kind of cockpit allows water to escape overboard?
A
Self-bailing or self draining
2
Q
What is used to adjust tension in standing rigging cables?
A
A turnbuckle
3
Q
When going forward on the sidedeck, where is it safer to walk?
A
It is safer to walk along the windward or high side of the boat.
4
Q
Cleaning supplies, fenders, a boathook, spare lines, and even extra sails can be stowed in the ________ _______.
A
Cockpit locker
5
Q
What may be fitted to the rudder post if the wheel-steering system fails?
A
An emergency tiller may be fitted to the rudder post to allow steering to resume.
6
Q
What is the space beneath the cabin sole called?
A
bilge
7
Q
What should be closed when leaving the boat unattended?
A
all seacocks
8
Q
What type of fire extinguishers are used to combat flammable liquid-based fires?
A
Type ‘B’ fire extinguishers are used to combat flammable liquid-based fires.
9
Q
What voltage do most sailboat electrical fixtures run on?
A
12 volts DC power, which is provided by the house batteries
10
Q
When connected to ________ (110 volts AC), the battery_________ maintains the battery voltage.
When motoring, the engine mounted _______ charges the batteries.
A
Shore power
Charger
Alternator
11
Q
What charges the batteries while motoring?
A
While motoring, the engine-mounted alternator charges the batteries.
12
Q
What does the battery switch allow?
A
The battery selector switch is usually a dial-type fixture that allows a choice to be made between house and starting battery banks.
13
Q
What should a pre-departure on-deck inspection include?
A
A pre-departure on-deck inspection should include looking for missing cotter pins.
14
Q
What should be checked after starting the auxiliary engine?
A
Once the auxiliary engine is started, it is important to check that water is flowing out of the exhaust outlet.
15
Q
How is a diesel engine stopped?
A
A diesel engine is stopped by shutting off the fuel supply.
16
Q
What is critical when shifting from forward to reverse gear?
A
When shifting from forward to reverse gear (or vice versa), it is critical to pause in neutral for a second or two to allow the engine to return to idle speed.
17
Q
What is the flow of water pushed by a propeller called?
A
The flow of water pushed by a propeller is called prop wash.
18
Q
What is the tendency of the stern of a boat to be pushed sideways in reverse gear called?
A
The tendency of the stern of a boat to be pushed sideways when the engine is in reverse gear is called prop walk.
19
Q
What will a right-handed propeller likely cause the stern to do in reverse gear?
A
With the engine in reverse gear, a right-handed propeller will likely cause the stern to walk to port.
20
Q
What flag may a vessel with divers in the water display?
A
A vessel with divers in the water may display either a recreational dive flag (red with diagonal white stripe) or International Code flag A (vertical white and blue swallowtail).
21
Q
What is the term for the device used to adjust the tension of rigging on a sailboat?
A
Turnbuckle
A turnbuckle is a metal device used to adjust the tension of cables or rigging.
22
Q
What is the part of a sailboat that connects the shrouds to the hull?
A
Chainplate
Chainplates are typically made of metal and provide support for the rigging.
23
Q
What is the name of the horizontal ledge on the edge of a deck where lines are secured?
A
Toerail
The toerail helps keep water off the deck and provides a place to secure gear.
24
Q
What is the opening in the deck that allows access below?
A
Hatch
Hatches are used for access and ventilation in the cabin.
25
What is the term for the raised area in the cockpit that provides protection for crew members?
Cockpit coaming
## Footnote
Cockpit coamings help keep water out of the cockpit area.
26
What is the floor of the cockpit called?
Cockpit sole
## Footnote
The cockpit sole is the flat surface where crew members stand while sailing.
27
What is the term for the vertical opening that provides access to the cabin from the cockpit?
Companionway
## Footnote
The companionway often includes steps leading down into the cabin.
28
What equipment is used to trim the sails and is typically mounted in the cockpit?
Primary winch
## Footnote
Primary winches are essential for adjusting sail tension during sailing.
29
What is the term for the stand that holds the compass in the cockpit?
Binnacle
## Footnote
The binnacle often includes a light for nighttime visibility.
30
What is the fitting at the bow of the boat where the forestay attaches?
Stemhead fitting
## Footnote
The stemhead fitting provides a strong attachment point for the rigging.
31
What is the area of the boat where cooking facilities are located?
Galley
## Footnote
The galley typically includes a stove, sink, and storage for food.
32
What is the main living area inside a boat called?
Saloon
## Footnote
The saloon is often used for dining and socializing.
33
What is the designated area for navigation and chart work on a boat?
Chart table
## Footnote
The chart table is equipped for planning and navigation tasks.
34
What is the sleeping area located at the front of the boat?
V-berth
## Footnote
The V-berth is shaped like a 'V' and is typically used for sleeping.
35
What is the term for the bathroom facility on a boat?
Head
## Footnote
The head may include a toilet and sometimes a small sink.
36
What is the sleeping area located on the side of the boat, often used for guests?
Quarter berth
## Footnote
The quarter berth is typically located near the stern of the boat.
37
What is the term for a window in the side of the boat that allows light and ventilation?
Portlight
## Footnote
Portlights are often made of glass and can be opened or closed.
38
What is the storage compartment on a boat called?
Locker
## Footnote
Lockers are used to store gear and supplies safely.
39
What is the floor of the cabin on a boat referred to as?
Cabin sole
## Footnote
The cabin sole provides a flat walking surface inside the boat.
40
What is the purpose of adjusting sheets and halyard tension in sail trim?
To optimize sail performance based on the point of sail and wind strength
## Footnote
Light wind requires less tension, while stronger wind requires more tension.
41
What is a chord in relation to sails?
A straight line from the leading edge (luff) to the trailing edge (leech) parallel to the direction of airflow
## Footnote
The chord defines the shape and performance characteristics of the sail.
42
Define draft in terms of sail trim.
The perpendicular distance from the chord to the sail at any point
## Footnote
Draft indicates how full or flat a sail is.
43
What does the chord-depth ratio represent?
The maximum depth along a chord expressed as a percentage of the chord
## Footnote
A higher ratio indicates a 'full' sail that generates more power.
44
What is the angle of attack in sailing?
The angle at which the apparent wind strikes the chord of the sail
## Footnote
Adjusting the angle of attack is crucial for optimal sail trim.
45
What is the draft position of a sail?
The location along a chord of the maximum depth of the sail
## Footnote
The curve of a batten shows where the draft position is located.
46
How does apparent wind differ from true wind?
Apparent wind combines the effects of the wind and the boat's motion
## Footnote
It's the wind experienced by the sailor, which changes with speed and direction.
47
What is the effect of wind gradient on apparent wind?
The wind strength at deck level is less than it is aloft, altering apparent wind speed and direction
## Footnote
This affects how the sail interacts with the wind at different heights.
48
What is twist in sailing?
The variation in the angle of attack along the height of the sail
## Footnote
Proper twist ensures the sail is trimmed correctly for varying wind conditions.
49
Fill in the blank: The depth of a sail is also called _______.
[draft]
50
True or False: A full sail has a lower chord-depth ratio than a flat sail.
False
## Footnote
A full sail has a higher chord-depth ratio.
51
What controls the mainsail shape?
Outhaul, halyard, Cunningham, and vang
## Footnote
These adjustments help fine-tune the sail's performance.
52
What happens to the apparent wind at the head of the sail compared to the foot?
The apparent wind at the head is stronger and a few degrees aft of where it is at the foot
## Footnote
This creates a wider angle of attack at the head than at the foot.
53
What adjustments can be made to accommodate the angle of attack changes with height?
Adjusting the sheet to alter the amount of twist in the sail
## Footnote
This ensures the entire sail is properly trimmed.
54
What is the purpose of adjusting the mainsail draft?
To change the power of the sail and where it is acting on the boat, affecting speed and balance
## Footnote
The deeper the draft, the more power in the sail; flattening the sail reduces its power.
55
How can you test adjustments to the mainsail while sailing close-hauled?
Center the mainsheet traveler, slack the boom vang, and trim in the mainsheet until the mainsail stops luffing
## Footnote
These adjustments help to observe changes in the sail's shape.
56
What happens to the mainsail's shape when you take up on the main halyard?
The draft position moves forward and the sail becomes flatter
57
What is the effect of adding twist to the mainsail?
The leech of the sail opens up aloft, allowing for better adjustment to the wind gradient
58
What are the two ways to change the jib's angle of attack?
Trim or ease the jibsheet; steer farther off or closer to the wind
59
What effect does easing the jibsheet have on the sail?
Allows the clew to rise and the upper part of the leech to twist off, adding twist
60
How does the position of the jibsheet lead affect the sail?
Forward for less twist and more depth; aft for more twist and less depth
61
What do telltales indicate when trimming the jib?
The ideal angle of attack for the jib's twist
62
Fill in the blank: If the windward upper telltales break before the lower ones, you probably have too much _______.
twist
63
What does it indicate if the leeward top telltale breaks while the lower telltales are flying straight?
The sail is overtrimmed at the head - too little twist
64
What is the recommended wind speed to perform the sail adjustment exercises?
8 to 10 knots
65
How does increasing halyard tension affect the jib?
Moves the draft position forward and reduces depth slightly
66
What should you do to achieve almost ideal twist in the jib?
Ensure all telltales stream perfectly and break simultaneously when adjusting the angle of attack
67
What is the main purpose of the boom vang while sailing?
To control the shape and twist of the mainsail
68
What adjustment can be made to reduce twist in the jib?
Sheeting in or moving the jibsheet lead forward
69
When is it impossible to adjust the jibsheet lead?
When the sheet is loaded
70
What is the primary tool for adjusting the mainsail's angle of attack on a close reach?
Mainsheet traveler
## Footnote
The mainsheet traveler is used to adjust the mainsail's angle of attack and to manage twist.
71
What should you do with the halyard and outhaul for more power when close-hauled?
Ease the halyard and outhaul a little
## Footnote
Easing the halyard and outhaul increases power in light wind conditions.
72
What is indicated by the masthead fly?
Apparent wind's direction and angle of attack on the sails
## Footnote
The masthead fly is a critical tool for understanding wind conditions while sailing.
73
Complete the adage: 'When in doubt, ______.'
let it out
## Footnote
This advice suggests easing the sheet until the luff begins to bubble.
74
What happens to the mainsail in stronger winds?
De-power the whole mainsail by easing the mainsheet traveler to leeward
## Footnote
This technique helps manage excessive power in stronger wind conditions.
75
What should you watch for when easing the jibsheet for optimal trim?
Telltales and the leech for signs of twist
## Footnote
Monitoring these indicators helps ensure proper sail trim.
76
What adjustment should be made when transitioning from a close reach to a beam reach?
Ease the mainsheet traveler to leeward
## Footnote
This adjustment decreases the mainsail's angle of attack.
77
What does it indicate if the top batten in the mainsail is twisted well to leeward of the boom?
The boat is well heeled and the mainsheet might have been eased
## Footnote
This indicates that the sail has been depowered effectively.
78
What is the role of the boom vang?
Prevents the boom from rising and controls the tension in the leech of the sail
## Footnote
The boom vang is essential for managing sail twist.
79
True or False: The jibsheet lead does not need adjusting when transitioning from close-hauled to beam reach.
True
## Footnote
If positioned correctly for close-hauled sailing, it maintains optimal twist.
80
What is the consequence of the boom being outboard of the end of the traveler?
You can no longer take out twist with the mainsheet
## Footnote
At this point, the boom vang becomes necessary for managing twist.
81
What is the primary tool for adjusting twist on a boat with no mainsheet traveler?
Boom vang
## Footnote
The boom vang is essential for managing the twist of the sail in various points of sail except when close-hauled.
82
What happens to the jib when the jibsheet is eased while sailing off the wind?
The twist in the jib becomes more pronounced
## Footnote
At some point, the top of the sail can luff while the foot remains trimmed.
83
What is a broad reach in sailing?
A point where sails are not functioning as airfoils and mainly trap wind
## Footnote
The goal is to maximize wind capture with the sails shaped like big bags.
84
What can happen if the boom rises too much on a broad reach?
The upper part of the mainsail may lie on the leeward rigging and spreaders
## Footnote
This can lead to chafe damage over time.
85
How can you reduce weather helm when sailing on a broad reach?
By flattening the sail
## Footnote
This is achieved by vanging down the boom hard.
86
What is the effect of moving the jibsheet lead outboard?
Reduces twist in the jib
## Footnote
If outboard movement isn't feasible, moving the lead forward can have a similar effect.
87
What should you do when running with the mainsail?
Ease the mainsail as far as possible without chafing
## Footnote
The spreaders' angle limits how far the sail can be eased.
88
What is required to fly the jib when running?
The jib must be brought to windward and sailed wing-on-wing
## Footnote
The effectiveness depends on wind strength, wave size, and helmsman's skill.
89
How is twist in the jib controlled?
By adjusting the position of the jibsheet lead
## Footnote
Moving the lead forward reduces twist, while moving it aft increases twist.
90
What is the purpose of the genoa track?
To allow movement of the jibsheet lead car
## Footnote
The track extends along the boat's sidedeck and is often perforated for reference.
91
What is the safest method to adjust the working jibsheet lead?
Tack the boat, move the car, and tack back
## Footnote
This method ensures safety while adjusting the lead position.
92
What is the Chinese contribution to sail design?
The full-battened sail with individual controls for each batten
## Footnote
This rigging method is particularly effective for running.
93
What is fore reaching
Furl jib
Sail under mainsail alone
Close reach
Less slip than hove to
94
Motor sailing
When need to get upwind more quickly
only mainsail.
Sheet tight and center traveler
As close as 20 degrees to wind
95
What does a cross shape on a buoy indicate?
Exclusion area (keep out)
## Footnote
This indicates areas where navigation is prohibited.
96
What does a Controlled Area marker signify?
Speed limit or other restrictions
## Footnote
Such markers display rules for navigation in the area.
97
What does the phrase 'red, right, returning' refer to?
Navigational rule for channel entry
## Footnote
It indicates that when returning from sea, red markers should be on the right.
98
What colors are used to indicate preferred channels?
Red and green
## Footnote
Top mark indicates the side of a preferred channel when entering from the sea.
99
What is the significance of even and odd numbers on ATONs?
Even numbers on red ATONs, odd numbers on green ATONs
## Footnote
This numbering helps in identifying the direction of travel.
100
What is the Intracoastal Waterway (ICW)?
A protected route along the US Atlantic and Gulf Coasts
## Footnote
It runs from New Jersey to the Mexican border and follows rivers and estuaries.
101
What do yellow squares or triangles on buoys indicate?
ICW markers
## Footnote
They mark shared buoys and beacons in the Intracoastal Waterway.
102
Fill in the blank: When traveling in the direction from New Jersey to Texas, ATONs marked with yellow triangles should be left to _______.
starboard
103
Fill in the blank: ATONs marked with yellow squares should be left to _______.
port
104
What does a nun buoy with yellow ICW triangle signify?
Preferred channel marker
## Footnote
It indicates the preferred side of a channel.
105
True or False: The ICW includes channels that go 'up' one river and 'down' another.
True
106
What is a Safe Water Buoy?
A buoy that can be passed on any side
## Footnote
It indicates safe water all around.
107
What is the purpose of lateral aids in US waters?
To assist navigators in safely navigating channels
## Footnote
They provide visual guidance for channel navigation.
108
What do lighted green and red buoys indicate?
Navigation markers for channels
## Footnote
They help in identifying the preferred side of the channel.
109
What type of navigational aids are commonly used in the Intracoastal Waterway?
ATONs marked with yellow shapes
## Footnote
These include buoys and beacons that provide guidance.
110
What is the primary function of the ATONs depicted in the text?
To mark preferred channels and navigational routes
## Footnote
They are essential for safe navigation in coastal waters.
111
What is it called when sailing upwind on a course and the wind shifts forcing you to change your heading.
If it causes you to head closer to your desired course, it’s a lift.
Otherwise, it’s a header.
112
Hierarchy of privilege
1. Not under command
2. Restricted in availability to maneuver
3. Constrained by draft
4. Engaged in fishing
5. Under sail
6. Power driven
113
One short blast
International: I am altering to starboard (action)
Us inland: I intend to leave you on my port side (intent)
114
Two short blasts
International: I am altering to port (action)
Us inland: I intend to leave you on my starboard side (intent)
115
Three short blasts
Operating astern propulsion
116
Five short blasts
Danger or I am unsure of your intentions
117
What is the purpose of a bowline knot?
To form a loop in the end of a line, resistant to shaking out and easy to undo after being loaded.
## Footnote
The bowline is particularly useful in various situations, including sailing and securing items.
118
What is the clove hitch used for?
To tie quickly around tubing, a piling, or another line, primarily as a temporary hitch.
## Footnote
It can work loose under on-and-off loads but can be secured with an extra half hitch.
119
How do you tie a clove hitch?
1. Make a full turn around the object. 2. Cross the working part over the standing part. 3. Pass the bitter end through the eye. 4. Pull on both ends to consolidate the hitch.
## Footnote
A mnemonic is to visualize a rabbit coming out of a hole, going around a tree, and back down the hole.
120
What is the round turn and two half hitches knot used for?
To tie a dockline to a mooring, providing security with friction under some load.
## Footnote
This knot is secure and can be easily undone.
121
What are the steps to tie a round turn and two half hitches?
1. Make a complete turn with the working end around the object. 2. Tie a half hitch around the standing part. 3. Tie a second half hitch on the standing part. 4. Tug on the working end to firm up the half hitches.
## Footnote
Passing the working end under the round turn during the first half hitch creates a fisherman's bend, which is more secure.
122
What is the cleat hitch used for?
To secure docklines to cleats on the deck and docks of a sailboat.
## Footnote
It is commonly used despite the availability of winch self-tailers and rope clutches.
123
How do you tie a cleat hitch?
1. Take a full turn around the base of the cleat. 2. Cross the working part diagonally over the cleat and under the opposite horn. 3. Pass the working part diagonally across the top of the cleat again and under the other horn. 4. Repeat and finish by tucking the working part under itself.
## Footnote
Adding more figure eights before the locking turn is advisable for highly loaded lines.
124
True or False: The clove hitch is best used for permanent knots.
False
## Footnote
The clove hitch is primarily a temporary hitch and can work loose.
125
Fill in the blank: The _______ knot is known for creating a secure loop in the end of a line.
bowline
126
What is a key characteristic of the round turn and two half hitches knot?
It is easy to make even under some load due to friction.
## Footnote
However, it does not hold well against shaking.
127
What does the cleat hitch resemble when tying?
A figure eight motion.
## Footnote
This helps ensure that the knot is secure and can handle loads effectively.
128
What is the purpose of the figure eight knot?
The figure eight knot is the go-to stopper knot to ensure the bitter end of a line can't sneak away when you're not looking.
## Footnote
Example: Use it for jibsheet or halyard.
129
How do you tie a figure eight knot?
Make a small loop near the end of the line, pass the bitter end around the standing part, then back up and through the loop. Pull both ends tight.
## Footnote
Tie this knot about six inches from the end of the line.
130
What is a square knot used for?
The square knot is used to tie up the bunt of the mainsail after reefing it, also known as the reef knot.
## Footnote
It is symmetrical, lies flat, and will not jam.
131
How do you tie a square knot?
With one end in each hand, pass one over the other (left over right), cross the ends again (right over left), and pull the knot tight.
## Footnote
Do not use for tying lines under load as it can capsize.
132
What is the purpose of the rolling hitch?
The rolling hitch is used to tie a line to another line to which you want to apply load, such as short-sheeting the jib.
## Footnote
Example: Undoing a winch override.
133
How do you tie a rolling hitch?
Take a turn around the object in the direction of the load, make a second complete turn on the same side, and a third turn crossing the standing part.
## Footnote
Crossing the second turn over the first gives more grip.
134
What is a sheet bend used for?
The sheet bend is used for tying the ends of two lines together, especially if one line is smaller in diameter than the other.
## Footnote
Historically used for sails with bolt ropes.
135
How do you tie a sheet bend?
Form a loop in the larger line, pass the end of the lighter line through the loop, around behind the loop, and back under itself. Pull tight.
## Footnote
A double sheet bend can be made for added security.
136
What is a short sheet used for?
A short sheet is used to take a load off a line, such as the working jibsheet, to move its lead or untangle an override.
## Footnote
Example: Tie one end of a spare line into the jib's clew.
137
How do you set up a short sheet?
Tie one end of a spare line into the jib's clew or tie it to the jibsheet with a rolling hitch. Make the short sheet fast to a nearby cleat and ease the working sheet.
## Footnote
Take care when working on the leeward sidedeck.
