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Neuroscience Module 2 > Ascending Pathways (handout based) > Flashcards

Ascending Pathways (handout based) Flashcards

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0
Q

Type of exteroreceptor that transmit tactile, pressure, pain and temperature. Require direct contact of the stimulus with the body

A

Contact receptors

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1
Q

Type of exteroreceptors that respond to distant stimuli

ex.light and sound

A

Teloreceptors

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2
Q

respond to pain, temperature, touch, vibration and pressure

A

Exteroreceptors

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3
Q

Are specialized to detect sensory information from the external environment

A

Exteroreceptors

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4
Q

detect sensory information concerning the status of the body’s internal environment, such as stretch, blood pressure, pH, oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration, and osmolarity

A

Enteroreceptors

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5
Q

transmit sensory information from muscles, tendons, and joints about the position of a body part

A

Proprioceptors

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6
Q

There is a static position sense relating to a stationary position and a kinesthetic sense, relating to the movement of a body part

A

Proprioceptors

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7
Q

Rapidly adapting receptors that are sensitive to noxious or painful stimuli

A

Nociceptors

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8
Q

Located at the peripheral termination of lightly myelinated free nerve endings of Aδor unmyelinated type C fibers

A

Nociceptors

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9
Q

Type of nociceptor that is sensitive to intense mechanical stimulation (ex.Pinching)

A

Mechanosensitivenociceptors

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10
Q

Type of nociceptor that is sensitive to intense heat or cold

A

Temperature Sensitive nociceptors

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11
Q

Type of nociceptor that is sensitive to noxious stimuli that are mechanical thermal or chemical in nature

A

Polymodal nociceptors

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12
Q

Receptors that are sensitive to warmth or cold; Slowly adapting receptors

A

Thermoreceptors

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13
Q

Type of thermoreceptor that consist of free nerve endings of lightly myelinated Aδfibers

A

Cold receptors

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14
Q

Type of thermoreceptor that consist of the free nerve endings of unmyelinated C fibers that respond to increases in temperature

A

Warmth receptors

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15
Q

Type of thermoreceptor that are sensitive to excessive heat or cold

A

Temperature-sensitive nociceptors

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16
Q

Comprise both exteroceptorsand proprioceptors; Activated following physical deformation due to touch, pressure, stretch, or vibration of the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules, in which they reside

A

Mechanoreceptors

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17
Q

may be classified as nonencapsulated or encapsulated depending on whether a structural device encloses its peripheral nerve ending component

A

Mechanoreceptors

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18
Q

General Sensation Receptors: touch, pressure, pain, temperature, proprioception

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Touch- Meissner’s corpuscles, Merkel’s disc, Hair follicle endings, Golgi Mazzoni
  • Pressure- Pacinian corpuscles
  • Pain - Free nerve endings

*Temperature:
Cold -Krause end bulb
Hot –Ruffini’s corpuscles

*Proprioception–Tendon and Muscle spindles

19
Q

Area of the skin supplied by the somatosensory fibers from a single spinal nerve ; useful in localizing the levels of lesions

20
Q

Parts of dermatomes

Study These Flashcards
A 
C2 –back of head
C3 –neck
C6 –thumb
C7 –middle finger
C8 –small finger
T4 –nipple
T10 –umbilicus
L1 –inguinal
L4 –L5 –big toe
S1 –small toe
S5 –perineum
21
Q

3 Columns in the White Matter

Study These Flashcards
A

Posterior funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Anterior funiculus

22
Q

Each column in the white matter is subdivided into tracts

Study These Flashcards
A

Ascending tract
Descending tract
Intersegmental tracts

23
Q

Parts of the Gray Matter

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A

Posterior horn
Lateral horn
Anterior horn

24
A system of ten layers of grey matter(I-X), identified in the early 1950's by Bror Rexed to label portions of the spinal cord
Laminae of Rexed
25
Similar to Brodmann areas; defined by their cellular structure rather than by their location, but the location still remains reasonably consistent
Laminae of Rexed
26
Laminae of Rexed: lamina and its location
* Lamina I-VI - located in the posterior horn * Lamina VII- located in the lateral horn * Lamina VIII & IX- located in the anterior horn * Lamina X- gray substance surrounding the central canal
27
Laminae of Rexed: lamina and cellular structure
* Lamina II –Substantia Gelatinosa * Lamina III & IV –Nucleus Propius * Lamina VII–Intermediolateral nucleus; Nucleus dorsalis of Clark * Lamina VIII & IX –Motor nucleus
28
Ascending Sensory Pathways: its anatomical tracts and functions
* Anterolateral (ALS): Spinothalamic, Spinoreticular, Spinomesencephalic, Spinotectal, Spinohypothalamic - Pain, temperature, crude touch, pressure, some proprioception * Dorsalcolumn-Medial Lemniscus (DCML): fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus - Discriminative (Fine) touch, vibratory sense, position sense * Somatosensory to the Cerebellum: anterior spinocerebellar, posterior spinocerebellar, rostral spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar - Primarily proprioceptive information (some pain and temperatrue)
29
Pain and Temperature Pathway (using LSTT)
Free nerve endings (from A delta or C fiber) ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion (1storder neuron) ➡️ Postero-lateral funiculus ➡️ Posterior horn ➡️ Synapse with 2ndorder neuron at the Substantia Gelatinosa (Lamina II) ➡️ Cross to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within 1 spinal segment ➡️ Lateral spinothalamic tract ➡️ VPLN of the thalamus ➡️ Axons of the 3rdorder neuron pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata ➡️ Primary somatosensory area ( Brodmann’s area 3,1,2)
30
Light Touch and Pressure pathway (using ASTT)
Receptor ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion (1storder neuron) ➡️ Postero-lateral funiculus ➡️ Posterior horn ➡️ Synapse with 2ndorder neuron at the Substantia Gelatinosa (Lamina II) ➡️ Cross to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within 2-3 spinal segment➡️ Anterior spinothalamic tract ➡️ VPLN of the thalamus ➡️ Axons of the 3rdorder neuron pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata ➡️ Primary somatosensory area ( Brodmann’s area 3,1,2)
31
Dorsal Column -Medial Lemniscus Pathway
Axons enter the SC and pass directly to ipsilateralposterior column ( caudal fibers below T6 enter Fasciculus gracilis and rostral fibers above T6 enter Fasciculus cuneatus to ascend) ➡️ Terminate in Nucleus gracilis and Nucleus cuneatus ➡️ Axons of secondary nuclei cross the midline as Internal arcuate fibers and form the Medial Lemniscus ➡️ Terminates in the VPLN of thalamus
32
Discriminative Touch and Pressure pathway
Receptors ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion (1storder neuron) ➡️ Cuneate fasciculus and Gracile fasciculus ➡️ Cuneate and Gracile nuclei (2ndorder neuron) of medulla oblongata ➡️ Medial lemniscus ➡️ VPLN of the thalamus ➡️ Axons of the 3rdorder neuron pass through the posterior limb of the internal capsule and corona radiata ➡️ Primary somatosensory area ( Brodmann’s area 3,1,2)
33
Conscious Proprioception Pathway
Receptors ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion ➡️ Posterior column ➡️ Cuneate and gracile fascicles ➡️ Cuneate and gracile nuclei ➡️ Medial lemniscus ➡️ VPLN of the thalamus ➡️ BA 3, 1, 2
34
Unconscious Proprioception Pathway (Posterior spino-cerebellar tract)
Receptor ➡️ DRG (1storder neuron) ➡️ Posterior grey column ➡️ Synapse with 2nd order neurons -Dorsal nucleus of Clarke (Lamina VII) ➡️ IpsilateralPosterolateral part of the lateral column as the Posterior Spinocerebellar tract ➡️ Medulla oblongata ➡️ Inferior cerebellar peduncle ➡️ Cerebellum
35
Unconscious Proprioception Pathway (Cuneocerebellar tract)
Receptors at upper limb ➡️ Dorsal root ganglion (1st order neuron) ➡️ Cuneate fasciculus ➡️ Cuneate nuclei (2ndorder neuron) of medulla oblongata ➡️ Ipsilateral Inferior cerebellar peduncle (fibers are known as posterior external arcuate fibers) ➡️ Cerebellum
37
Spinal Cord Hemisection; Contralateral loss of pain & temperature; Ipsilateral loss of proprioception;Ipsilateral manifestations of upper and lower motor neuron lesions
Brown-Sequard’s syndrome
38
Injury to the Lemniscal Pathway can cause:
Inability to recognize limb position; Astereognosis; Loss of two point discrimination; Loss of vibration sense; (+) Romberg sign
39
(1) Spinal Cord lesions can cause:
Syringomyelia (progressive cavitation around the central canal; loss of pain & temperature sensations in hands & forearm)
40
(2) Spinal Cord lesions can cause:
Tabes Dorsalis (caused by neurosyphilis; dorsal root involvement with secondary degeneration of dorsal columns ( loss of vibration and position sense))
41
loss of sensitivity to pain in all / part of the body
Anesthesia
42
an abnormally reduced sensitivity to touch
Hypoesthesia
43
an abnormally heightened sensitivity of part of the body
Hyperesthesia
44
an abnormal or unexplained tingling, pricking or burning sensation on the skin
Paresthesia
47
Lesion in spinocerebellar tract can lead to:
Ataxia (loss of muscle coordination due to a loss of proprioceptive input to the cerebellum)

Neuroscience Module 2 (3 decks)

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