ASCI Test 2 Flashcards
(178 cards)
1
Q
how many years has CREAM been operating for
A
30 years
2
Q
mammal
A
endothermic by the possession of a neocortex, hair, three middle ear bones, and mammary glands
3
Q
lactation
A
describes the secretion of milk from the mammary glands
4
Q
cow
A
a cow is a female animal that has had at least one calf
5
Q
calf
A
a young animal still receiving milk
6
Q
heifer
A
a heifer is a female animal that has never had a calf. once a heifer has a calf, she automatically becomes a cow
7
Q
what dairy products are the most traded in the world
A
butter, cheese, and milk powders
8
Q
what percent of world exports of dairy products come from developed countries
A
around 80 percent
9
Q
top 3 countries by milk production
A
India, USA, China
10
Q
top 3 countries exporting dairy products
A
New Zealand, EU-15, Australia
11
Q
top 3 countries importing dairy products
A
China, Mexico, Japan
12
Q
world milk production is almost entirely derived from
A
cattle, buffaloes, goats, sheep, and camels
13
Q
other less common milk animals
A
yaks, horses, reindeer, donkey
14
Q
cattle
A
- over 800 breeds of cattle are recognized worldwide
- present many advantages in terms of ease of milking, udder size and the animals ability to store milk, and milk yield
- far more milking cows in developing than developed countries
- indigenous breeds are well adapted to local conditions
- most indigenous breeds zebu type
- specialized dairy breeds such as friesian and jersey have high milk yields but are less adapted to harsh environments and require high levels of management, feeding, housing, and veterinary care
15
Q
Water Buffaloes:
A
- The domestic water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) contributes a significant share of global milk production
- River buffaloes usually produce between 1 500 and 4 500 litres of milk per lactation. They have a significantly longer productive life than cattle, providing calves and milk until they are up to 20 years of age
- The many factors that constrain commercial buffalo milk production include animals’ late age at first calving, the seasonality of oestrus, and the long calving interval and dry period
- The world population of water buffaloes -168 million head:
- Dairy buffaloes are India, Pakistan, China, Egypt and Nepal. In Pakistan, Egypt and Nepal there are more dairy buffaloes than dairy cows.
- Water buffaloes are the principle source of milk in South Asia
16
Q
small ruminants
A
- Mainly in developing countries
- Kept in marginal environments with scarce grazing and unfavorable climatic conditions
- Dairy animals of the poor because of the lower capital investment and production costs required
- Women are generally more involved than men in small ruminant production
17
Q
goats
A
- Have a higher milk yield than sheep
- Major source of milk and meat for many subsistence farmers in tropical regions
- Goats are common in arid and semi-arid areas and are generally kept in small flocks of two to ten animals
- Goat milk is widely produced in West Africa but also in the Caribbean and Central Africa, usually for household consumption
18
Q
sheep
A
- Half of the world’s sheep population is in developing countries:
- Sheep are more prevalent than goats in cooler climates
- Sheep production has many potential outputs: milk, meat, skin, fiber, and manure
- Most sheel milk is produced in the Mediterranean region
- Dairy sheep breeds include Awassi, East Friesian, and Lacaune
19
Q
camels
A
- Found in Africa and Asia and are kept mostly by nomads
- One-humped Arabian camels or dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius)-the camels of the plains
- Two-humped Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus)-the camels of the mountains
- Camels-milk, meat, fiber (wool and hair), transport; dung used as fuel
- Milk is often the most important camel product and is the staple food of nomads
- Camels-produce more milk from poor feed than other dairy species
- The global camel population is estimated at 28 million head
- In sub-Saharan Africa, camels contribute about 8% of total milk-production
20
Q
yaks
A
- Live on the “roof of the world”-as the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
- Provide milk, meat, hair, and down fibers, hides, draught and dung (principally used as fuel)
- Yak milk is generally produced by small-scale farmers in traditional systems where management is highly influenced by climate and seasons
21
Q
equines
A
- Milk from horses (Equus caballus) and donkeys (Equus asinus) is a staple food for subsistence farmers
- Milking equines is time-consuming and has to be repeated five or six times a day. In addition, an equine will not release milk unless it is stimulated by the presence of its foal
- Mare’s milk is commonly consumed in the steppe areas of Central Asia, where a traditional lactic-alcoholic beverage called koumiss is produced through fermentation
- Horse milk is also an important source of animal protein for pastoralists in Mongolia. The consumption of donkey milk has become very marginal.
22
Q
what percentage of worlds milk production comes from cattle
A
83%
23
Q
what percentage of worlds milk production comes from buffalo
A
13%
24
Q
what percentage of worlds milk production comes from goats
A
2%
25
what percentage of worlds milk production comes from sheep
1%
26
what percentage of worlds milk production comes from camels
0.4%
27
what percentage of worlds milk production is produced by other dairy species such as equines and yaks
0.6%
28
developing countries
- In developing countries, milk producing animals are often raised in subsistence and smallholder systems
- These animals are usually multi-purpose and grow and produce under difficult conditions, such as low inputs, minimum management, and harsh environments
- They are well adapted to local conditions, but have low genetic potential for milk production
29
top 3 countries with the most heads of cows
india, brazil, russia
30
how many gallons of water does the average cow drink in a day
30 to 50
31
how many pounds/gallons of milk does the average cow produce
70pounds/8gallons
32
cows teeth are
only on the bottom
33
do cows have a good or bad sense of smell?
- they have a great sense of smell
| - they can smell something up to 6 miles away
34
holsteins spots are...
like a fingerprint-no two cows have the same exact pattern
35
the average cow will eat how many pounds of feed per day
100 pounds
36
why can you lead a cow upstairs but not downstairs
because their knees can't bend properly to walk downstairs
37
top 3 prominent cow breeds in the US?
holstein, jersey, brown swiss
38
holstein
- The holstein is the most common of the dairy breeds and is known for her clack and white spots
- Origin: The Netherlands. A Dutch settler brought the first Holstein to American in 1621
- Characteristics: In addition to her black-and-white markings, she produces more milk than other dairy breeds
39
jersey
- The Jersey is the smallest of the dairy breeds, weighing in at 800 to 1,200 pounds, while the average cow weighs 1,500 pounds.
- Origin: Isle of Jersey in the British Channel
- Characteristics: The Jersey ranges in color from light to dark brown, has big eyes, and a docile nature. The most heat-tolerant of dairy breeds, she produces milk with very high butterfat content.
40
brown swiss
- Many dairy historians consider the Brown Swiss the oldest of the dairy breeds
- Origin: Alps of Switzerland
- Characteristics: Brown Swiss vary in color from silver to dark brown and are large with large ears. Their milk is ideal for making cheese because of its high protein-to-fat ratio
- Brown Swiss have a kind nature and docile temperament
41
Guernsey
- The Guernsey is known for its rich, golden color of milk because of its high levels of beta carotene, a source of vitamin A
- Origin: First raised by the monks of the Isle of Guernsey in the English Channel
- Characteristics: The Guernsey is a range of fawn to golden in color, often with white legs and white areas on the body
42
ayrshire
- The Ayrshire is known as the “aristocrat” of dairy breeds because of its size and vigor
- Origin: Brought to America around 1800 from the county of Ayr Scotland
- Characteristics: Rust-red and white in color. Ayrshires adapt easily to their environment
- Very adaptable and found in most parts of the worlds
43
milking shorthorn
- The Milking Shorthorn is considered a dual purpose breed which can be used for milk or beef production
- Origin: Great Britain
- Characteristics: Large in size. Milking Shorthorn is white and roan in color, but also can be mostly red with some white markings. Its milk is known for its high protein-to-fat ratio
44
red and white holstein
- The Red and White Holstein is the most recent breed to be recognized, coming in to the breed family in 1964
- Origin: The Netherlands
- Characteristics: With characteristics similar to a black-and-white Holstein, the “red” of the Red and White Holstein resembles the brown of a chestnut horse. She is known for a strong immune system and tolerance to heat
- The expression of the red color, replacing the black in Holsteins, is a function of a recessive gene
45
over what percentage of calcium available in the food supply is provided by milk and milk products
over 70%
46
what is the most popular cheese in the US
cheddar
47
what is the favorite flavor of ice cream
vanilla
48
national dairy month?
june
49
what do cows eat?
Corn Silage: chopped and fermented corn
Grain: corn, barley, wheat
Haylage: chopped and fermented pasture
Alfalfa Hay
Protein Meal: soybean, cottonseed meal
Vitamins and minerals
By-products:
Cottonseed (the seed from growing cotton)
Almond Hulls (the outside shell of an almond)
Distillers Grain: leftovers from the ethanol plant
Brewers Grain: the mash from beer making
50
colostrum
is the first form of milk produced by the mammary glands of mammals immediately following delivery of the newborn. Colostrum contains antibodies to protect the newborn against disease. In general, protein concentration in colostrum is substantially higher than in milk. Fat concentration is substantially higher in colostrum than in milk in some species
51
peak lactation
maximum production per day-around 8 weeks
52
The Milk Parlor/Milking System Ideally will…
```
Harvest milk quickly and gently
Improve labor efficiency
Maintain animal health
Maintain animal health
Maintain or improve milk quality
Be easily cleaned or sanitized
Routinely serviced for optimal performance
```
53
research shows cows spend an average of how many hours eating
3-5 hours
54
research shows cows spend an average of how many hours lying down or resting
12-14
55
research shows cows spend an average of how many hours standing or walking
2-3 hours
56
research shows cows spend an average of how many hours drinking water
30 minutes
57
research shows cows spend an average of how many hours for herd management/milking
2.5-3.5
58
top 5 milk producing US states
california, wisconsin, idaho, new york, pennsylvania
59
cattle common scientific groupong name
bovine
60
cattle scientific genus species name
bos taurus
61
cattle uncastrated male
bull
62
cattle castrated male
steer
63
cattle adult female
cow
64
cattle young female
heifer
65
cattle young general
calf
66
swine common scientific grouping name
porcine
67
swine scientific genus species name
Sus scrofa domesticus
68
swine uncastrated male
boar
69
swine castrated male
barrow
70
swine adult female
sow
71
swine young female
gilt
72
swine young general
pig/piglet
73
sheep common scientific grouping name
ovine
74
sheep scientific genus species name
ovis aries
75
sheep uncastrated male
ram
76
sheep castrated male
wether
77
sheep adult female
ewe
78
sheep young general
lamb
79
goat common scientific grouping name
caprine
80
goat scientific genus species name
capra aegagrus hircus
81
goat uncastrated male
billy
82
goat castrated male
wether
83
goat adult female
doe/nanny
84
goat young female
doeling
85
goat young general
kid
86
chicken common scientific grouping
galline
87
chicken scientific genus species name
gallus gallus domesticus
88
chicken uncastrated male
rooster/cock
89
chicken castrated male
capon
90
chicken adult female
hen
91
chicken young female
pullet
92
chicken young general
chick
93
turkey common scientific grouping name
meleagrin
94
turkey scientific genus species name
meleagris gallopavo
95
turkey uncastrated male
tom
96
turkey castrated male
capon
97
turkey adult female
hen
98
turkey young general
poult
99
rabbit common scientific name
lapine
100
rabbit scientific genus species name
oryctolagus cuniculus
101
rabbit uncastrated male
buck
102
rabbit adult female
doe
103
rabbit young general
kit/bunny
104
duck common scientific grouping name
anserine
105
duck scientific genus species name
anas platyrhynchos domesticus
106
duck uncastrated male
drake
107
duck adult female
duck
108
duck young general
ducklings
109
geese common scientific grouping name
anserine
110
geese scientific genus species name
anser anser domesticus
111
geese uncastrated male
gander
112
geese adult female
goose
113
geese young general
gosling
114
livestock technology breeding and genetics
requires a significant infrastructure
developed countries-narrowing genetic resource base
developing countries-sustainable use of traditional breeds
-local knowledge-appropriate for environment and production system
115
livestock technology nutrition
most of the world's livestock, particularly ruminants in pastoral and extensive mixed systems in many developing countries, suffer from permanent or seasonal nutritional stress
116
food production and wildlife conservation technology
water use and availability
| irrigation methods, better practices adapted to the local environment (flood, furrow, center pivot, drip)
117
the poverty curve
a half-century ago the distribution of income in the world looked likw a camel with two humps. The first hump represented the so called developing world. The second hump represented people in wealthier countries. Now the world is no longer separated due to more than a billion people rising out of extreme poverty. Most of humanity is now in the large single hump
118
what provides the largest opportunity to increase smallholder productivity
animal genetics
119
how long are cattle in feedlots for
150-180 days
120
four production phases/stages of swine
breeding/gestation
farrowing
nursery
grower/finisher
121
swine inshipments
swine can move across state borders between proudction phases-63% of the inventory moved as 'inshipments'
122
what age are pigs slaughtered at
5-6 months
123
layers
egg birds
124
broilers
meat birds
125
vertical integration
multiple stages of production owned by on entity/enterprise
| with contract farmers
126
what age are broilers slaughtered at
5 weeks
127
what weight are broilers slaughered at
5 pounds
128
commercial poultry operation
defined as >1,000 birds
129
average flock size
35 birds
130
30% of flocks are how many birds
<10 birds
131
when did aquaculture emerge
1970s
132
what is aquaculture replacing
the capture fishing industry
133
what country is the largest fish producer
China
134
what horses eyes mean when they are tensed
tensed muscles around eyes=stress, fear, discomfort
135
what horses says mean when they are rapidly darting
scared
136
what horses eyes mean when the whites of the eyes are showing
strated or mildly alarmed (depends on the horse)
137
what type of vision do horses have
both monocular and binocular
138
what horses ears mean when they are turned forward
paying attention/interest
139
what horses ears mean when they are turned to the side
possibly asleep or relaxed
140
what horses ears mean when they are turned back
listening to something behind them
141
what horses ears mean when they are pinned back
agitated
142
what horses ears mean when they are rapidly swiveling
anxiety or alertness
143
what horses forelegs means when they are pawing
about to roll, boredom, impatient, or stress
144
what horses head means when it is elevated
focused on something in the distance
145
what horses head means when it is snaking
slightly lowered head and waving neck from side to side-aggression
146
what horses muzzle means when it is drooping lip or slack mouth
relaxed or asleep
147
what horses muzzle means when it is chewing while not eating
relaxed or asleep
148
what horses muzzle means when it is flared nostrils
startled or nervous
149
what horses muzzle means when it is tightened or pinched
worried, stressed, or scared
150
what horses forelegs means when they are stomping
irritation
151
what horses forelegs means when they are striking
aggressive or defensive
152
what horses hind legs means when they are cocked
relaxed or irritated
153
what horses hind legs means when they are raised
irritated
154
what horses hind legs means when they are kicking
nervous or frustrated
155
what horses tail means when it is raised
excitement
156
what horses tail means when it is clamped down
nervous or stressed
157
what horses tail means when it is swishing
irritated, annoyed, or getting flies
158
what horses whole body means when it is tense
nervous, stressed, or in pain
159
what horses whole body means when it is trembling
fear
160
what horses whole body means when it is touching you
could be trying to bite you, curious, checking you out, or nervous and seeking assurance
161
what horses whole body means when it is swinging hindquarters
could be about to kick
162
horses neigh
greeting
163
horses nicker
greeting (especially between mare and foal)
164
how horses understand humans body language
confidence level
-horses are aware when humans are nervous
-one study found a corelation between the increased heart rates of riders and horses
-important for humans to be aware of their body language
benefits of proper communication
-establish leadership
-cooperation instead of coercion
165
horses roar
establish dominance
166
horses scream
distress or anxiety
167
horses signs of friendship
nudge or nuzzle each other while nursing or for comfort
| mutual grooming
168
how horses understand humans auditory communication
amplitude and pitch
- horses cannot differentiate between words
- they can understand tone and pitch
169
how horses understand humans tactile communication
pressure and release
- horses will move away from pressure
- apply pressure to direct them and release when they comply
170
how horses understand humans body language
confidence level
-horses are aware when humans are nervous
-one study found a corelation between the increased heart rates of riders and horses
-important for humans to be aware of their body language
benefits of proper communication
-establish leadership
-cooperation instead of coercion
171
endangered
any species that is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range
172
threatened
any species that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant portion of its range
173
how long are animals quarantined
30-60 days
174
animals are quarantined from
animals of like taxa
175
animals receive what in isolation
a complete physical exam, placement/check of microchip ID
176
how many negative fecal samples must quarantined animals must have
3
177
physical examinations consist of
```
temperature, pulse, respiration
blood
weight
eyes, ears, nose, mouth, all orfices
palpation of all limbs, joints, body overall
vaccines
dentals
radiographs
ultrasound/endoscopy/laparoscopy
```
178
DAMNIT
```
Degenerative
Autoimmune
Metabolic
Neoplasia
Infectious/Inflammatory
Traumatic/Toxic
```
