Ascomycota - Intro to Anamorphic & Teleomorphic Stages Flashcards
(144 cards)
1
Q
anamorph
A
asexual stage, mitosis
2
Q
teleomorph
A
sexual stage, meiosis
3
Q
conidia
A
asexual spores
4
Q
what species produce conidia?
A
aspergillus & penicillium
5
Q
Conidiogenous cells
A
cells that produce conidia
6
Q
conidioma
A
structures that form conidia (including conidiophores)
7
Q
conidiogeny
A
types of conidia producing conidiophores
generation of conidia
8
Q
conidiophore
A
specialized stalks from which conidia are borne, any structure that will produce conidia
9
Q
sclerotia
A
sexual, dense packages of hyphae bundled together, resistant to envr conditions
survival propagule
10
Q
stromata
A
mass of fungal tissues within which or from which perithecium or other fructifications are formed
dense bodies that germinate to form various structures
conidia structures & other structures that give rise to asci & ascospores
11
Q
chlamydospores
A
thick-walled resting spore, modifications of hyphae
septate
blown out or cut out of hyphae
asexual or sexual
multicell
12
Q
soredia
A
fungal hyphae wrapped around the algae or cyanobacteria cells in a package
asexual
modifications of the upper thallus
13
Q
isidia
A
eruption from the upper body of the lichen, column-like with spores borne on the outside
chunks of thallus
asexual
14
Q
basidiolichens
A
lichens of basidiomycota
15
Q
ascolichens
A
lichens of ascomycota
16
Q
talormyces consists of what 2 organisms? & what stage are they in?
A
aspergillus & penicillium
asexual or imperfect
17
Q
penicillium conidiophore
A
looks like a broom
conidia are blown out from the tips of the broom
18
Q
aspergillus conidiophore
A
structures that support conidia on a head
19
Q
how do penicillium & aspergillus differ?
A
conidia dispersal
20
Q
how do you differentiate b/w penicillium & aspergillus?
A
conidiophore
21
Q
what is the perfect stage of ergot of rye called? & what form is it in?
A
claviceps - sclerotia
22
Q
what does sclerotia develop?
A
stroma
23
Q
what is sclerotia growth based off of?
A
nutrients in the stroma
24
Q
what do stroma contain?
A
fruiting bodies (perithecium or apothecium)
25
what do fruiting bodies contain?
asci & ascospores
26
what type of FB do claviceps form?
perithecium
27
sclerotinia & where does it belong?
member of the Ascomycota that is unrelated to claviceps
pyrenomycetes (sardariomycetes)
perfect stage
28
what type of FB does sclerotinia form?
apothecium
29
apothecia
FB is open & cup-shaped, asci grow on the surface of the FB
30
what is stage is sclerotia in?
perfect
31
what type of FB does epichole form? & where does it form?
perithecium
on the surface
32
hypoxylon
fungus grows in wood, forms sclerotia in hard balls
33
tar sport of maple sci name & FB type
rhytisma, form apothecia
34
chlamydospores
hyphae blow outs can be lateral to the side or appear as swelling in a thread
asexual
35
what type of asexual propagule undergoes lichenziation?
soredia
36
lichenization
involves a fungus finding an algal or cyanobacteria partner
lichen does well on its own but not the algae
37
peltigera
dog lichen
38
what does the lower thallus of peltigera contain?
rhizines (look like teeth)
39
what type of asexual propagule does Peltigera form?
isidia
40
thallus
general body pseudo tissue
body without roots, stems or leaves
41
amerospores
single-celled spores
42
what type of spore does Aspergillus form?
amerospores
43
didymospores
2 celled
44
what is the maximum number of septations didymospores can have?
1
45
phragmospores
several cells, exist in a series
divided horizontally
46
dictyospores
several cells
run horizontally & vertically
47
scleospores
needle-like, extremely elongated
48
helicospores
spore has a helical shape
49
where are helicospores located?
freshwater streams
50
what does the shape of a helical spore do?
traps an air bubble, which provides buoyancy to the spore enabling it to float on water
51
staurospores
star-shaped, contains several points
52
where are staurospores found
freshwater or marine envrs
53
what spores contain appendages?
dictyospores & phragmospores
54
what are the 2 functions of appendages on spores?
1. prevents the spore from sinking in the water column
move by water currents to acquire a suitable substrate (wood)
2. sticks the spore to wood
55
what type of spores does Geomyces have?
amerospores
56
how do conidiophores exist?
branched or unbranched
57
coelomycete conidioma
conidiogenous cells, cells found inside of an asexually formed structure which are sometimes in pycnidia
58
blastospores
conidium where conidia appear to be cut right out of hyphae, conidia are blown out from points
spore is evident before it separates from the conidiogenic hyphae
form by budding
59
what are blastospores also called?
blastic conidia
60
synnemata
sheath, conidia are cut out & pushed up
reproductive structure where conidiophores fuse together to form a strand resembling a stalk of wheat
conidia exist on the edges or at the end
61
what are conidia called that form from a synnemata?
tretic conidia
62
what are the types of Coelomycete conidioma?
pycnidia
acervuli
63
what stage are pycnidia & acervuli in?
asexual
64
blastic development
conidia are blown out through a pore
65
anellophores
series of rings are formed, everytime conidia are blown out there is a ring left behind
66
whata re the spores of anellophores called?
anelospores
67
thallic development
conidia appear hyphal like, cutting off of conidia
pinching off
68
when does thallic development occur?
right before the conidia are separated?
69
what are the 2 ways that conidia are formed?
blastic or thallic
70
when dies the feeding mycelium form?
after spore germination
71
feeding mycelium have septate or non septate hyphae?
septate
72
are feeding mycelia body cells & fruiting body binucleate or uninucleate?
uninucleate
73
what phase is short-lived in ascomycota lifecycle?
dikaryotic
74
how does plasmogamy often occur in ascomycota?
gametangial contact
75
how does plasmogamy occur in yeasts?
gametangial copulation
76
what are the 3 ways that ascomycota accomplish plasmogamy?
gametangial contact
somatogamy
spermatization
77
ascogenous hyphae
arise when gamete nuclei pair in ascogonia or in undifferentiated cells
hyphae post plasmogamy
dikaryotic
hyphae formed once antheridium & ascogonium fuse
78
croziers
facilitates simultaneous nucelar divisions within the ascogenous hyphae
79
what are the 3 roles of croziers?
maintenance of the dikaryon
proliferates the ascogenous hyphae during hymenium development
preserves pairing of compatible nuclei
80
what forms when a crozier forms a septation?
a terminal uninucleate cell & a penultimate binucleate cell
81
what does the terminal uninucleate cell fuse with?
stalk cell
82
where does karyogamy & meiosis occur?
asci of the penultimate cell in the ascogonium
83
what occurs once the penultimate binucleate cell forms?
karyogamy, meiosis & mitosis creating ascospores
84
what are the 2 methods of discharge of an ascospore?
forcible discharge
asci walls deliquesce
85
where does plasmogamy occur?
in an asogonium
86
where are compatible nuclei brought together?
ascogonium
87
the ascogonium receives compatible nuclei from where?
antheridium
88
where does ascogenous hyphae develop?
in the hymenium & grow out of the ascogonium
89
are ascogenous hyphae dikaryotic or monokaryotic?
dikaryotic
90
trichogyne
feature that bridges the nuclei from the antheridium to the ascogonium
91
where are nuclei deposited?
ascogonium
92
where is the site of the formation of a diploid cell?
crozier hook
93
penultimate cell
where karyogamy occurs, diploid cell forms becoming an ascus mother cell
94
unitunicate
when the asci walls deliquesce, the wall layers remain together as one & appear as one layer
95
bitunicate
when the asci walls deliquesce, the wall layers appear as 2 separate layers
96
inoperculate
type of asci where there is no operculum
97
operculum
pre-formed lid or open structure that comes in various types
98
what are the forms of the operculum? (3)
pre-formed tear
zone of weakness in a wall that is pre-formed
electron dense accumulations
99
amyloid
ascotypes contain starch
100
how do you determine if the asci are amyloid?
use idodine
101
operculate
asci type that contains an operculum
102
what are the 2 alyers of a bitunicate ascus?
endoascus & exoascus
103
endoascus
internal layer
expands upwards
104
exoascus
external layer
will break open in a circle
105
the tip of the ascus is pushed up by _____
endoascus
106
fissitunicate ascus
endoascus is pushed through the exoascus & results in a gelatinous layer
107
rostrate ascus
tip extrudes like a root
108
what organism has asci that deliquesce?
yeast
109
amaloid dome
contains within it iodine stainable materials (Starch) which will develop into a rostrate
110
ascus apical pore
spore contains a pore at one end where the first strand of germinating mycelia extrudes
111
apothecium
asocarp where there is an open FB, cup-shaped or disk shaped
112
discomycetes have what type of FB?
apothecium
113
how many spores does discomycetes usually form?
8
114
what do the cells look like in discomycetes?
angular hyphae cells
cells are in distinct shapes
115
what type of ascocarp contains an excipulum?
apothecium
116
excipulum
fleshy part that supports the hymenium
117
what are the 2 layers of the excipulum?
ectal excipulum & medullary excipulum
118
ectal excipulum
where variation among fungi exists
119
medullary excipulum
not very characteristic of fungi, appears the same among most fungi
120
perithecium
flask shaped, closed structure there is an opening called an ostiole
121
what type of ascocarp do pyrenomycetes have?
perithecium
122
what does the peridium of pyrenomycetes looking like?
carbonaceous looking
123
what is another name for the perithecium?
perithecial wall
124
wjhat are the structures in a perithecium?
venter: base
neck: located at the top where there is an ostiole
125
what does the hymium of a parathecium contain?
paraphyses
periphyses
asci
centrum
126
paraphyses
sterile cell
127
periphyses
grow downwards, short little hairs that stick out of the neck
sterile
128
asci
form from ascogenous hyphae that form from the base of the perithecium
129
centrum
space that contain paraphyses, periphyses & asci, found at the base of the perithecium
130
what gives rise to the perithecium
centrum
131
when does the centrum form?
from the initation of the formation of sterile cells & fertile cells
132
hamathecium
sterile cells found in a locule in loculoascomycetes
hyphae emerging b/w asci
133
do all perithecia contain a hymenium?
no, the cells can be scattered
134
where do locals exists?
in a pseudothecium
135
pseudothecium
no hymenium, asci are scattered
contain locules
136
what type of ascocarp does loculoascomycetes have?
pseudothecium
137
wh is a pseudothecium not a perithecium?
b/c there are stromatic materials in which there are single locules
138
cleistothecium
closed structure, no opening, wall is completely closed
no hymenium, asci are scattered
asci are spherical or globular
no ostiole
covered in hairs
139
what type of ascocarp do Plectomycetes have?
cleistothecium
140
what type of ascocarp does Chetomium have?
cleistothecium
141
ascostromata
pseudothecium, mass of accumulated hyphae & cells which contain structures that produce asci & ascospores
typical of loculoascomycota
142
do yeasts form ascocarps?
no
143
hemiascomycota
asci aren't organized into any kind of FB
144
what organism belongs to hemiascomycota
yeasts
