assessment and health promotion

Question 1

menstruation

Answer 1

periodic uterine bleeding that begins approximately 14 days after ovulation.

Question 2

what is the menstrual cycle controlled by?

Answer 2

feedback system of three cycles:
1. endometrial
2. hypothalamic-pituitary
3. ovarian

Question 3

what is the average length of a menstrual cycle

Answer 3

28 days

Question 4

what is designated as day one of menstrual cycle?

Answer 4

first day of bleeding

Question 5

what is the average duration of a menstrual flow?

Answer 5

5 days (with a range of 3-6 days)

Question 6

what is the average blood loss during mentruation?

Answer 6

50 mL (with a range of 20-80mL)

Question 7

how much of women does not appear to clot?

Answer 7

about 50%

Question 8

where does the blood clot during menses?

Answer 8

in the uterus but liquifies before being discharged from the uterus

Question 9

what does discharge during menses include?

Answer 9

mucus, epithelial cells, and blood

Question 10

what does the menstrual cycle do?

Answer 10

prepares the uterus for pregnancy, when pregnancy does not occur, menstruation follows

Question 11

what influence the menstruation cycle?

Answer 11

women’s age, physical and emotional status, and environment

Question 12

four phases of mentrual cycle?

Answer 12

1. menstrual phase
2. the proliferative phase
3. the secretory phase
4. the ischemic phase

Question 13

what happens during menstrual phase?

Answer 13

shedding of functional two thirds of endometrium (the compact and spongy layers) is initiated by the periodic vasoconstriction in the upper layers of the endometrium

basal layer is retained, regeneration begins near the end of the cycle from cells derived from the remaining glandular remnants or stromal cells in this layer.

Question 14

what happens during proliferative phase?

Answer 14

a period of rapid growth lasting from fifth day to the time of ovulation.

endometrial surface is completely restored in approximately 4 days, or slightly before bleeding ceases.

eightfold to tenfold thickening occurs with a leveling off of the thickening of the endometrium at ovulation

proliferative phase depends on estrogen stimulation derived from ovarian follicles

Question 15

what happens during secretory phase?

Answer 15

extends from day of ovulation to about 3 days before menstrual period.

after ovulation, large amount of progesterone are produced.

Question 16

what does the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland in females regulate?

Answer 16

the production of FSH and LH

Question 17

what is the target tissue of FSH and LH?

Answer 17

the hormones target the ovary, which produces ova and secrete estrogen and progesterone.

Question 18

what is the mechanism between hormone secretion from the ovaries, the hypothalamus, and the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 18

aids in the control of the production of sex cells and sex steroid hormone secretion

Question 19

what happens to the hormones towards the end of the normal menstrual cycle?

Answer 19

blood levels of estrogen and progesterone decreases

Question 20

what happens when the hormone of ovarian drops?

Answer 20

stimulate the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Question 21

what happens when GnRH is release?

Answer 21

GnRH stimulate the anterior pituitary secretion of follicle stimulating hormones (FSH)

decreased in estrogen caused GnRH to stimulate anterior pituitary
gland to release Luteinizing hormone (LH) –surges in LH and smaller peak of estrogen (around day 12)

this cause the expulsion of ovum from graafian follicles by about 24-36 hours.

Question 22

what does FSH do?

Answer 22

stimulate development of ovarian graafian follicles and their production of estrogen.

Question 23

at what day does LH peak on a 28-day cycle?

Answer 23

day 13 or 14

if fertilization does not occur, regression of corpus luteum follows
levels of progesterone and estrogen decline and menstruation occurs and the process begins again. this process is called hypothalamic-pituitary cycle.

Question 24

primordial ova

Answer 24

immature oocytes

Question 25

how many follicles begin to mature in each ovaries

Answer 25

1-20 follicles

Question 26

what cause maturation of follicles?

Answer 26

FSH and estrogen

Question 27

what does preovulatory surge of LH do

Answer 27

affects a selected follicles, the oocytes mature and ovulation occurs, and the empty follicle begins its transformation into the corpus luteum.

Question 28

the follicle phase

Answer 28

begins its transformation into the corpus luteum. aka pre-ovulatory phase - varies from woman to woman

Question 29

what happens after ovulation

Answer 29

estrogen levels dropped. 90% of women, only a small amount of withdrawal bleeding occur, and it goes unnoticed. In 10% of women, there is sufficient bleeding for it to be visible, resulting in what is termed midcycle ovulation.

Question 30

ovarian cycle

Answer 30

1. follicle phase 2. ovulation - withdrawal bleeding (small) or midcycle bleeding (large) can occur 3. luteal phase aka post-ovulation 4. menstruation

Question 31

how long does post-ovulation last?

Answer 31

requires 14 days (range from 13-15 days)

Question 32

when does corpus luteum reach its peak of functional activity?

Answer 32

8 days after ovulation secreting the steroids estrogen and progesterone coincide with peak luteal functioning, fertilized ovum is implanted int eh endometrium, if no implantation, corpus luteum regress and steroid levels drop. two week after ovulation if implantation does not occur, the functional layer of uterine endometrium is shed through menstruation.

Question 33

basal body temp before and after ovulation

Answer 33

before ovulation temperature is below 36 C (98.6 F) and after ovulation because of increase progesterone levels, body temp rises.

Question 34

changes in cervical mucus

Answer 34

preovulatory and postovulatory mucus is viscous (thick) so sperm penetration is discouraged. at time of ovulation, mucus is thin and clear. It looks like, feels, and stretches like egg white.

Question 35

spinnbarkeit

Answer 35

stretchability of mucus

Question 36

mittelschmerz

Answer 36

localized lower abdominal pain that coincide with ovulation.

Question 37

prostaglandins (PGs)

Answer 37

oxygenated fatty acids classified as hormones produced by most organs of body, including uterus. metabolized quickly by most tissues marked effect on metabolism, particularly glycolysis affect smooth muscle contractility and modulation of hormonal if PGs does not rise with LH, ovum remain trapped within graafian follicles. influence production of estrogen and progesterone by the corpus luteum.

Question 38

climacteric

Answer 38

transitional phase during which ovarian functions and hormone production decline. spans the year form onset of premenopausal ovarian decline to the postmenopausal time when symptom stops

Question 39

Menopause

Answer 39

from Latin mensis, month, and Greek pauses, to cease refers to last menstrual period can be dated 1 year after menstruation ceases

Question 40

average age at natural menopause

Answer 40

51.4 years with an age range of 35 to 60 years

Question 41

perimenopausal

Answer 41

a period proceeding menopause that last about 4 years. during this time ovarian functions declines, ova slowly diminish, and menstrual cycles may be anovulatory, resulting in irregular bleeding. the ovary stops producing estrogen, and eventually menses no longer occur.

Question 42

when do female and males reach physical maturity.

Answer 42

approximately at the age of 17, however individual development varies greatly.