Reproduction

Question 1

gametogenesis

Answer 1

the formation and development of germ cells–oocytes and spermatocytes

Question 2

meiosis

Answer 2

produce cells with a haploid number of 23 chromosomes

Question 3

phases

Answer 3

2 sequential meiotic cell division occur during gametogenesis

Question 4

prophase

Answer 4

homologous chromosomes pair

Question 5

anaphase

Answer 5

homologous chromosomes separate

Question 6

first meiotic division

Answer 6

reduction division in which each new cells form a secondary oocyte or spermatocytes retaining the haploid number of chromosomes

Question 7

second meiotic division

Answer 7

each chromosome divides to form two chromatids that are drawn to a different poles of the cell

Question 8

ovum

Answer 8

egg

Question 9

oogenesis

Answer 9

process of egg formation begins during fetal life

Question 10

how many ova mature during women’s reproductive stage life?

Answer 10

400-500 ova

Question 11

primary oocytes

Answer 11

begins their first meiotic division before birth but remain suspended in prophase until puberty

Question 12

menarche

Answer 12

first menstrual cycle (monthly cycles)

one oocyte matures and completes the first meiotic division

Question 13

when does second meiotic division begin?

Answer 13

division begins at ovulation but progress only to metaphase when division is arrested

Question 14

zona pellucida

Answer 14

inner layer

penetrated by sperm, the second meiotic division is completed.

Question 15

spermatogenesis

Answer 15

formation of germ cells to a sperm cells

Question 16

when does spermatogenesis begin

Answer 16

begins at puberty under the influence of testosterone and continues throughout adult life

Question 17

where does spermatogenesis take place in?

Answer 17

the seminiferous tubules within the testes

Question 18

where does sperm cells travel through?

Answer 18

the efferent tubules to the epididymis, where they mature

Question 19

where does mature sperm cells move to?

Answer 19

the ejaculatory duct through the vas deferens, where they wait ejaculation

Question 20

what regulates female menstrual cycles

Answer 20

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries and occurs in four stages that repeat every 28 days.

Question 21

stage I (menstrual phase)

Answer 21

the shedding of the endometrium (caused by decreased in estrogen and progesterone) triggering menstrual bleeding

Question 22

stage II (follicular phase)

Answer 22

the preovulation phase, whereby the ovary and follicles prepare for the release of an ovum through the influence of follicle-stimulating hormone and estrogen

Question 23

stage III (ovulation phase)

Answer 23

the ovum is expelled from follicles (triggered by a sharp rise in estrogen and luteinizing hormones) and is drawn into the fallopian tube

Question 24

stage IV (luteal phase)

Answer 24

cilia in fallopian tubes are stimulated by high estrogen levels, which propel the ovum toward the uterus. The follicle transforms into the corpus luteum during this phase and release progesterone, which cause the uterine wall to thicken in the anticipation of supporting a fertilized egg.

Question 25

what happens if fertilization does not occur

Answer 25

corpus luteum disintegrates and is usually absorbed by the women's body with degeneration of the corpus luteum, estrogen and progesterone decrease, thus triggering the shedding of the uterine wall and start the next menstrual cycle.

Question 26

pregnancy

Answer 26

begins with fertilization and in the absences of complications, involves a 40-week gestation period (measured from the first day of the last menstrual period) and results in live birth.

Question 27

trend in pregnancy rates

Answer 27

vary by population subgroup age influenced by factors such as changes in sexual activity new contraceptive methods change in marital/cohabitation trends social and economic context of childrearing public health threats

Question 28

how many sperms are ejaculated during intercourse?

Answer 28

500 million

Question 29

where does fertilization occur?

Answer 29

lower third of the fallopian tube

Question 30

cortical reaction

Answer 30

sperm and ovum are enclosed after sperm penetrate the ovum membrane prevents other sperm from entering the ovum

Question 31

ovum nucleus

Answer 31

become female pronucleus, and second meiotic division is complete

Question 32

head of sperm

Answer 32

enlarges to form male pronucleus and the tail degenerates.

Question 33

zygote

Answer 33

new cells after fertilization has two set of chromosomes

Question 34

when does cleavage begin?

Answer 34

30 minutes after fertilization division of zygote into two blastomeres soon after divide again to form four blastomeres rapid cellular division occurs while blastomeres travel down the reproductive tract. increase in number of cells, no increase in mass.

Question 35

morula

Answer 35

3 days after fertilization a cell mass of 12-16 blastomeres, enter women's uterus

Question 36

4 days after fertilization

Answer 36

A cavity is formed within morula becomes a blastocyst and float freely within the uterus for 2 days

Question 37

implantation

Answer 37

spaces form between the central cells of the morula and fluid pass through the zona pellucida, collecting in these spaces the zona pellucida then lyses and degenerates.

Question 38

trophoblast

Answer 38

cells separate into an outer layer after zona pellucida lyses and degenerates.

Question 39

what dose the trophoblast form

Answer 39

placenta and an inner layer known as embryoblast, that develop to form embryo.

Question 40

when does implantation occur

Answer 40

6-10 days after fertilization

Question 41

where does blastocyst receive nourishments from

Answer 41

endometrial glands in uterus includes carbohydrates, pyrimidines, purines, and amino acids by active and passive transport

Question 42

decidua

Answer 42

what the endometrium is called after blastocyst is totally covered

Question 43

embryonic period

Answer 43

stage of pregnancy development from day 15-8 weeks after fertilization development of body systems and organs occur when pregnancy is most vulnerable to malformations caused by teratogens

Question 44

teratogens

Answer 44

substances, exposures, certain infections, and some health problems that can cause abnormal fetal development.