Assignment 11 (Equine)

Question 1

How does the scapula of the horse differ from the dog?

Answer 1

Horses have no acromion and they do have a tuberosity of the scapular spine.

Question 2

How does the humerus of the horse differ from the dog?

Answer 2

NO supratrochlear or supracondylar foramen on the horse.

The horse has a intermediate tubercle and bicipital grooves

Question 3

The shoulder joint- what are the structural and functional categories?

Answer 3

spheroidal joint in structure

hinge joint in function

Question 4

What are the primary movements of the shoulder?

Answer 4

flexion and extension

Question 5

There are no collateral ligaments of the shoulder in the dog or horse. True or false?

Answer 5

True

Question 6

What muscles acts as a medial and lateral collateral ligaments in the horse?

Answer 6

lateral - infraspinatus m. (and supraspinatus m. to a lesser extent)

medial- subscapularis

Question 7

What ligaments would you find on the shoulder? What are the origins and insertions?

Answer 7

Medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments. They are poorly developed. They arise on the supraglenoid tubercle and end on the greater and lesser tubercles.

Question 8

What is arthrocentesis?

Answer 8

The clinical procedure of using a syringe to collect synovial fluid from a joint capsule. It is also known as joint aspiration.

Question 9

What are the applications of arthrocentesis?

Answer 9

intraarticular anesthesia

administer medication

collect synovial fluid

administer a radiographic contract medium

Question 10

What muscles extend the shoulder?

Answer 10

supraspinatus
biceps
brachiocephalicus

Question 11

What muscles flex the shoulder?

Answer 11

infraspinatus
deltoideus
teres minor
subscapularis
teres major
coracobrachialis
triceps - long head

Question 12

O, I, A of infraspinatus

Answer 12

O: infraspinatous fossa

I: greater tubercle

A: acts as lateral collateral ligament of the shoulder joint

Question 13

Where is the infraspinatus bursa?

Answer 13

Inbetween the tendon and the greater tubercle

Question 14

O, I, A of subscapularis

Answer 14

O: subscapular fossa

I: lesser tubercle

A: acts as medial collateral ligament of the shoulder joint

Question 15

Where is the bursa of subscapularis?

Answer 15

between the tendon and the lesser tubercle

Question 16

O & I teres major

Answer 16

O: caudal angle of the scapula

I: teres major tuberosity (with the latissimus dorsi)

Question 17

Where is the bursa for teres major?

Answer 17

There is none.

Question 18

What nerves are associated with teres major? Descrbe their location to teres major.

Answer 18

Axillary nerve runs proximal to teres major m.

Radial nerve runs distal to teres major.

Question 19

What is the main arterial supply of the forelimb and how does the name of the artery change as you move distally?

Answer 19

axillary a. –> brachial a. –> median a. –> medial palmar a.

Question 20

At what point does the axillary artery’s name change and what does it change to?

Answer 20

Bifurcates to cranial circumflex humeral a. and continues as the brachial a.

Question 21

At what point does the brachial artery’s name change and what does it change to?

Answer 21

Bifurcates into median and common interosseous arteries. Continues as median.

Question 22

At what point does the median artery’s name change and what does it change to?

Answer 22

Bifurcates to lateral palmar a. and continues as medial palmar a.

Question 23

The axillary artery is a branch of the ________ artery.

Answer 23

Subclavian

Question 24

What veins of the forelimb are absent in the horse?

Answer 24

Axillobrachial and omobrachial veins

Question 25

The deep venous system of the forelimb is formed by the tributaries of which vein?

Answer 25

axillary

Question 26

Where does the accessory cephalic vein join the cephalic vein?

Answer 26

At the elbow

Question 27

What vein acts as the connection between the cephalic and brachial veins?

Answer 27

median cubital vein

Question 28

What nerve branches form the brachial plexus?

Answer 28

Ventral branches of spinal nerves C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2

Question 29

What do the nerves of the brachial plexus innervate?

Answer 29

Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, skin of the thoracic limb, and lateral wall of the thorax

Question 30

What innervates serratus ventralis?

Answer 30

long thoracic n.

Question 31

What innervates latissimus dorsi?

Answer 31

thoracodorsal n.

Question 32

What innervates cutaneous trunci?

Answer 32

lateral thoracic n.

Question 33

What innervates the superficial pectorals and the subclavius muscle?

Answer 33

cranial pectoral n.

Question 34

What innervates the deep pectorals?

Answer 34

caudal pectoral n.

Question 35

What is the terminal lymph nose of the forelimb of the horse?

Answer 35

There is no single terminal lymph node.

Question 36

What drains to the superficial cervical lymph nodes?

Answer 36

Lymph from the ... Superficial and proximal part of the forelimb - muscles and joints. Caudal portion of the head (TMJ). All bones of the thoracic limb except the ulna.

Question 37

What bone of the thoracic limb does NOT drain into the superficial cervical ln?

Answer 37

ulna

Question 38

Where does the lymph that does not drain into the superficial cervical lymph node drain?

Answer 38

axillary lymph center

Question 39

What are the two parts of the greater tubercle?

Answer 39

cranial and caudal

Question 40

What are the two parts of the lesser tubercle?

Answer 40

cranial and caudal

Question 41

What animal has a supracondyler foramen?

Answer 41

the cat

Question 42

What is special about the scapula of the horse?

Answer 42

It has a tuberosity of the scapular spine and no acromion

Question 43

What is sweeny? What nerve is it associated with?

Answer 43

Suprascapular paralysis Suprascapular nerve

Question 44

Where is the injection site of the shoulder?

Answer 44

Cranial margin of the infraspinatus tendon at the level of the notch between the cranial and caiudal parts of the greater tubercle.

Question 45

What vein acts as the connection between the superficial and deep venous systems of the forelimb?

Answer 45

Median cubital vein

Question 46

What veins are absent in the forelimb of the horse?

Answer 46

Axillobrachial and omobrachial

Question 47

What veins make up the superficial venous system of the forelimb?

Answer 47

Cephalic and accessory cephalic

Question 48

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

Answer 48

external thoracic artery subscapular artery cranial circumflex humeral artery

Question 49

What are the branches of the brachial artery?

Answer 49

deep brachial a. bicipital a. collateral ulnar a. transverse cubital a.

Question 50

What lymph nodes make up the axillary lymph center?

Answer 50

axillary ln cubital ln

Question 51

Location, afferent lymph vessel and efferent lymph vessels of the axillary ln

Answer 51

location: caudal to shoulder joint where axillary artery bifurcates afferent: arrive from MUSCLES of shoulder, arm, elbow, and cubital ln. and skin on lateral side of the shoulder and the arm efferent: drain into the caudal deep cervicalln.

Question 52

Location, afferent lymph vessel and efferent lymph vessels of the cubital ln.

Answer 52

location: medial and proximal to elbow between biceps and medial head of the triceps afferent: skin, muscles, joints, and bones distal to its location efferent: terminate in the axillary ln

Question 53

What muscle(s) the suprascapular nerve innervate?

Answer 53

supraspinatus and infraspinatus mm

Question 54

What muscle(s) does the subscapular nerve innervate?

Answer 54

subscapular m

Question 55

What muscle(s) does the axillary nerve innervate?

Answer 55

teres major and deltoideus mm

Question 56

What muscle(s) does the musculocutaneous nerve innervate?

Answer 56

flexor muscles of the elbow joint

Question 57

What nerve creates the ansa axillaris?

Answer 57

musculocutaneous n

Question 58

What muscle(s) does the radial nerve innervate?

Answer 58

extensor muscles of the elbow, carpal and digital joints

Question 59

What would be the results of a radial nerve injury proximal to the tricipital branch? What symptoms would we see?

Answer 59

paralysis of the extensors of the elbow non-weightbearing lameness dropped elbow, and the hoof is rested on its dorsal aspect

Question 60

What would be the results of a radial nerve injury distal to the tricipital branch? What symptoms would we see?

Answer 60

less severe than more proximal injury normal stance of the shoulder and elbow may rest the dorsal surface of the hoof on the ground

Question 61

What osseous structure is mission on the horse scapula, but is found on the dog?

Answer 61

acromion

Question 62

What joint does not have collateral ligaments?

Answer 62

shoulder joint

Question 63

What structures are palpable landmarks for shoulder joint injection?

Answer 63

cranial and caudal parts of the greater tubercle

Question 64

What muscle tendon acts as the medial collateral ligament of the shoulder joint?

Answer 64

subscapularis m.

Question 65

After the brachial artery gives off the ____ artery, it becomes the median artery.

Answer 65

transverse cubital a.

Question 66

The transverse cubital artery is a direct branch of the _____ artery.

Answer 66

brachial a.

Question 67

The _____ vein joins the cephalic vein at the elbow.

Answer 67

accessory v.

Question 68

Name of veins of the superficial venous system.

Answer 68

accessory cephalic and cephalic veins

Question 69

The ventral branches of which spinal nerves from the brachial plexus in the horse?

Answer 69

C6-8, T1-2

Question 70

The supraspinatus and the infraspinatus muscles are innervated by the ____ nerve.

Answer 70

suprascapular n

Question 71

What two nerves are connected by ansa axillaris in the horse forelimb?

Answer 71

musculocutaneous n. and median n.

Question 72

The musculocutaneous nerve innervates which muscle group?

Answer 72

biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis m.

Question 73

Name the lymph nodes of the axillary lymph center.

Answer 73

proper axillary ln cubital ln