Assisted Reproductive Technology Flashcards
(46 cards)
What are considered natures clones? How does this occur?
Identical twins; the embryo splits where you have two different copies with the exact same mitochondrial and nuclear DNA
What are the two ways to produce a clone?
Embryo splitting
Nuclear transfer
Embryo splitting?
You split the embryo by hand so that each embryo has identical genetics
Nuclear transfer?
An embryonic, fetal, and/or somatic nucleus is inserted into a bag of cytoplasm (enucleated cell) to get an active form
T/F: nuclear transfer clones are true clones.
F: they do not share the same mitochondrial DNA
Who first proposed cloning?
Hans Spemann
The first animal successfully cloned was what?
frog
Clones before 1996 used what two types of cells?
embryonic; differentiated
Of the cell types used in cloning before 1996, which were most successful?
embryonic (before differentiation of cell types occurred) because differentiated cells failed miserably
What is the dogma of cloning?
it is biologically impossible to clone mammals by nuclear transplantation
What disproved the dogma of cloning?
the cloning of Dolly the sheep by somatic cell nuclear transfer
How was Idaho Gem cloned? What species?
mule fetal cells; horse
Who is Prometea?
a foal that is genetically identical to its surrogate mother; somatic cell donor where the mother carried her own clone
Who is Ralph? Significance?
a cloned rat; a first for the species which is important in research on human diseases including diabetes and hypertension
Who is Dewey?
Texas A&M first clone of a deceased white tailed buck
Name a few applications for cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer.
1) Replicate farm animals of high genetic merit-agricultural use 2) rescue genetics of endangered or exotic species 3) Clone companion animals 4) research tool for study of embryonic development and loss 5) genetically modify farm animals 6) increase efficiency of producing genetically modified animals
What does the US FDA say about cloning agricultural animals for food?
food products derived from animals clones are safe for human consumption
100% of clones will be ___.
transgenic
What are two ways that transgenic farm animals will benefit human health?
1) new form of farming (pharming) 2) genetically modified farm animals will lead to pharmaceutical proteins and organ donor availabilities
What was unique about Polly?
while cells were growing in culture, they inserted a genetic code with a blood clotting factor – biochemists could then use Polly’s milk to study diseases where this blood clotting factor was important
How will the use of cows for biopharmaceuticals affect the economy?
leads to greater profits because more specific genes can be coded for that can lead to (for example) greater milk recovery and greater profits
How can genetically altered swine provide an answer to the growing organ shortage?
one can alter carbohydrate molecules on pig cells so that human antibodies would not recognize the pig cells as foreign
What are the problems of using genetically modified pig organs for humans?
inefficient, death of embryos and fetuses throughout pregnancy, large offspring, death of offspring (all in pigs when altered)
What are some of the genetic affects of the clones in the female reproductive tract?
hypoplastic placentas, rudimentary cotyledons, and IVF placentas
