Hormones of Pregnancy

Question 0

What is the hormone of pregnancy?

Answer 0

Progesterone

Question 1

Histotrophe?

Answer 1

Growth of luminal and glandular endometrial epithelium

Question 2

What is the major source of progesterone in humans, primates, sheep, and horses?

Answer 2

Placenta

Question 3

Two places progesterone is found.

Answer 3

Placenta, CL

Question 4

Name 5 species in which the placenta does not take over progesterone production.

Answer 4

Dog, cat, rabbit, goat, alpaca, llama, camel

Question 5

What are the 6 actions of progesterone?

Answer 5

1) inhibits or delays LH secretion and ovulation
2) acts on endometrium & myometrium growth with estrogen
3) immunomodulatory
4) uterine quiescence
5) inhibits ER formation
6) blocks OT release from post-pituitary, OT action, and OTR formation

Question 6

Uterine quiescence?

Answer 6

Inhibits myometrium contractions

Question 7

What can happen to progesterone concentrations during the luteal phase of the cycle?

Answer 7

May increase greatly (humans) or moderately (sheep) or no difference (cow, pig)

Question 8

What are the four estrogen hormones?

Answer 8

Estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3), estrone sulphate (E1SO4)

Question 9

What is the correct potency of the estrogen hormones?

Answer 9

E2 > E1 > E3 > E1SO4

Question 10

When do estrogens typically rise in pregnancy?

Answer 10

Toward the end of pregnancy

Question 11

What ate the sources of estrogens?

Answer 11

Ovary, placenta, fetus, or all three

Question 12

What are the 6 actions of estrogens?

Answer 12

1) with P4, stimulate endometrial, myometrial, and mammary gland growth
2) stimulate ER an OTR
3) participate in uterine tract motility
4) behavior
5) cervical mucous
6) uterine motility, transport, parturition

Question 13

In which species do estrogen levels not change throughout gestation?

Answer 13

Woman

Question 14

What are the 3 adrenal steroids?

Answer 14

Cortisol, CBG (corticosteroid binding globulin), aldosterone

Question 15

Function of cortisol?

Answer 15

Increase due to decreased metabolism

Question 16

Function of CBG?

Answer 16

Production by liver increase due to estrogen

Question 17

Function of aldosterone?

Answer 17

Increases when changes in adrenal function are not thought to be related to pregnancy maintenance, in general, a pregnant animal survives adrenalectomy better than a non-pregnant animal

Question 18

What are the 3 anterior pituitary hormones during pregnancy?

Answer 18

Prolactin, LH, FSH

Question 19

Prolactin?

Answer 19

Increases due to increased TRH which causes prolactin release

Question 20

LH and FSH?

Answer 20

Decrease due to negative feedback of progesterone

Question 21

What are the 7 placental hormones?

Answer 21

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), interferon-tau, equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), placental lactogen, insulin-like growth factor I and II, alpha-fetoprotein, relaxin

Question 22

Functions of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

Answer 22

1) strong LH activity
2) prevents luteal regression
3) steroidogenic to placenta
4) steroidogenic to fetus
5) pregnancy test

Question 23

Functions of interferon-tau?

Answer 23

1) maternal recognition protein in ruminants
2) type 1 interferon - antiviral
3) stimulates production of IFN-related proteins
4) inhibits OTR and ER formation

Question 24

What is equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) also known as?

Answer 24

Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG)

Question 25

Function of eCG?

Answer 25

1) produced by chorion 2) has LH-like and FSH-like activity 3) causes luteinization of ovarian follicles 4) accessory corpora lutea, a source of P4 5) produced from approx. 40-120 days

Question 26

In Which hormone do chorionic cells form a thick equatorial girdle around the chorion?

Answer 26

eCG

Question 27

In which hormone do cells migrate and invade endometrium forming endometrial cup cells?

Answer 27

eCG

Question 28

Cells secrete eCG causing accessory CL which secretes what?

Answer 28

P4

Question 29

Which placental hormone is closely related to GH and PRL?

Answer 29

Placental lactogen

Question 30

How is placental lactogen synthesized? In humans? Bovine?

Answer 30

By trophoblasts Human: syncytiotrophoblast Bovine: giant binucleate cells

Question 31

When is human placental lactogen (PL) detectable?

Answer 31

In the 5th-6th week and plateaus at term with a concentration of 6-8 micrograms/mL

Question 32

PL production ____ throughout pregnancy with placental growth.

Answer 32

Increases

Question 33

What are the 4 actions of placental lactogen?

Answer 33

1) affects metabolic changes in mother 2) glucose sparing (causes mobilization of free FA, shifts delivery of glucose to fetus as placenta 3) in other species, PL has lactogenic/luteotrophic and GH-like activity 4) PL is the dis erogenous factor in pregnancy, highest last 4 weeks, causes abnormal glucose tolerance tests

Question 34

Functions of insulin-like growth factor I and II?

Answer 34

1) mediates some effects of Growth Hormone 2) found in placental tissues and fetal liver 3) influences growth and glucose metabolism 4) often works in concert with other hormones 5) structurally similar to insulin

Question 35

Functions of alpha-fetoprotein?

Answer 35

1) produced by yolk sac and fetal liver 2) involved in steroid-binding and osmoregulation similar to albumin 3) in female fetus, binds estradiol, blocking its transfer across blood-brain barrier, thereby protecting female brain from defeminization

Question 36

Which hormone is diagnostic for neural tube defects - spina bifida, anencephaly (absence of all or part of the brain)?

Answer 36

Alpha-fetoprotein

Question 37

What factors influence fetal growth?

Answer 37

Fetal hormones (thyroid-skeletal and muscular development, insulin (IGF)-increased energy substrate availability and stimulates placental growth, Growth Hormone (IGF)-stimulates fetal growth

Question 38

Functions of relaxin?

Answer 38

1) separation of pubis by relaxation of pelvic ligaments 2) may influence the ripening or softening of the cervix 3) in pigs - stimulates uterine growth

Question 39

What are the sources of relaxin?

Answer 39

Pigs, cows: CL | Humans, mates, cats, pigs, rabbit, monkey: placenta