Associative learning

Question 1

Give 3 example of classical conditioning

Answer 1

> Pavlov’s prototype
Contiguity & contingency
Previous learnt experience

Question 2

What are the 2 types of conditioning?

Answer 2

> Classical

>Operant

Question 3

Describe classical conditioning

Answer 3

Event 1 >Stimulus
Event 2 > Reward properties
Reinforced> association learnt> response stronger & faster

More sensitive to environment

Question 4

Describe operant conditioning

Answer 4

Event 1> Action
Event 2> Stimulus

How to operate environment

Question 5

Describe pavlovs dogs
(CS: Conditioned stimulus)
(UCS: Unconditioned stimulus)
(UCR: Unconditioned response)

Answer 5

1
               UCS----> UCR
                (Food)     (Saliva)
CS
(Bell)----> Nothing

2
CS——->UCS—–>UCR

3
CS———————>CR
Acquisition> repsonse learnt for stimuli

Question 6

Issues with Pavlovs dogs

Answer 6

> Temporary contiguity

>Contingency

Question 7

What is temporary contiguity

Answer 7

> CS & UCS must be close

Question 8

What is contingency

Answer 8

> Cognitive view to link relationship between to stimuli

Question 9

What is spontaneous recovery?

Answer 9

> Extinction not unlearning
Learning new association
Stimuli returned> acquisition rate acquired faster

Question 10

What is Latent inhibition

Answer 10

> past learning experience changes> acquisition of new associations
Learn something slower/ faster
Recover faster

Question 11

Give example of 2 concepts of biological preparedness

Answer 11

> Phobias

>Taste aversion

Question 12

How does taste aversion biologically prepare us?

Answer 12

> Bad experience
Unconsciously nausea’s
Don’t touch food again
Selective conditioning

Question 13

What concept has taste aversion overcome?

Answer 13

> Temporary contiguity

Question 14

Describe the Garcia & Koelling experiment 1966

Answer 14

Water
>Flavoured, light, clicking
Conditioning 
>X-rays, lithium, shock 
Outcome
>Sickness, avoid flavoured H2O pain
>Pain avoid bright noisy H2O

Question 15

Effetcs of chemotherapy with learnt responses

Answer 15

> 20%-40% Anticipatory nausea/ vomiting

>Hospital/ dentist visits

Question 16

Issues with biological constraints

Answer 16

> Second order conditioning
Generalisation
Discrimination

Question 17

What is second order conditioning

Answer 17

> New CS successively paired with old CS

>New CS able to elicit CR

Question 18

What is generalisation?

Answer 18

> Greater similarity of new CS

>More likely to elicit CR

Question 19

What is discrimination

Answer 19

> Responding to differences via reinforcement

Question 20

What is association?

Answer 20

> Things that occur together become associated

Question 21

What is law of effect?

Answer 21

> Behaviours followed by good thing occur more frequently

Question 22

Types of reinforcement

Answer 22

> Primary
Secondary
Social

Question 23

Describe primary reinforcement

Answer 23

> Inherently reinforcing (food)

Question 24

Describe secondary reinforcing

Answer 24

> Become reinforcing (money)

Question 25

Describe social reinforcement

Answer 25

>Consequences of behaviour (Smiling, nodding)

Question 26

What increases responding?

Answer 26

>Positive reinforcement | >Negative reinforcement

Question 27

What decreases responding?

Answer 27

>Extinction | >Punishment

Question 28

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 28

>Rewards desired behaviour >Ignore undesired behaviour >Interventions

Question 29

Who discovered taste aversion and how?

Answer 29

>Seligman | >Sauce bearnaise

Question 30

What is shaping?

Answer 30

>Reinforcement of successive approximations of desired behaviour >Until desired behaviour is reached

Question 31

What is chaining

Answer 31

>Complex behaviours broken down into parts >Each stage in sequence positive reinforced >Next stage in sequences cued

Question 32

Describe negative reinforcement

Answer 32

>Escape/ avoidance of averse event Baby crying >Adult -ve> Pick u baby >Baby +ve> rewarded for crying

Question 33

What are token economics?

Answer 33

>Address behaviours of groups of people >Target behaviours & rewards >Early programme daily spending vs later accumulation

Question 34

What is token economics used in

Answer 34

Adult psychiatry 1960/70s >Coercive & degrading Schools Learning disabilities

Question 35

What is an extinction burst? | What is an example of this?

Answer 35

>Positive reinforcements to stimuli removed >Behaviour to bring back increases >Spontaneous recovery is an example (bed time crying)

Question 36

What is partial reinforcement?

Answer 36

>Only reinforced at certain intervals/ ratios of time

Question 37

What is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 37

>Consistent reinforcement

Question 38

What does partial reinforcement lead to?

Answer 38

>Extinction effect

Question 39

What is the extinction affect?

Answer 39

>Gradually weakening a conditioned response to a stimuli until it stops

Question 40

What are the 2 types of reinforcement schedules ?

Answer 40

>Ratio | >Interval

Question 41

Describe ratio schedules

Answer 41

``` >Fixed every 5 responses >Vending machine VS >Variable eg. average 5 responses >Slot machine ```

Question 42

Interval schedules

Answer 42

``` >Fixed time periods >Checking mail box vs >Variable time periods >Checking emails ```

Question 43

What is positive punishment

Answer 43

>Averse stimulus added | >Shock/ smacking

Question 44

What is negative punishment

Answer 44

>Pleasant stimulus subtracted | >Time out

Question 45

What do ratio vs interval schedules lead to?

Answer 45

>Differences in response patterns

Question 46

What happened in Pavlovs experiment when the CS occurred without the UCS

Answer 46

>Extinction >Not unlearning response >Learning new repsonse >Bell does not = food