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Asthma Flashcards

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1
Q

which antibody is implicated in asthma?

A

IgE

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2
Q

which cell degranulates causing asthmatic symptoms?

A

mast cell degranulation

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3
Q

which granulocyte will activate IL-5?

A

eosinophils

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4
Q

is asthma reversible or irreversible?

A

reversible

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5
Q

what is Hygiene hypothesis ?

A

reduced exposure to pathogens in developed word means child’s immune system does not get chance to learn difference between harmful and harmless substances. Now child is hypersensitive to benign stuff.

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6
Q

asthma prevalence in children? %

A

10%

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7
Q

asthma prevalence in adults? %

A

5-10%

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8
Q

allergens bind to what antibody in asthma?

A

IgE

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9
Q

triggers for asthma?

- give 4

A

dust, pets, cold, exercise

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10
Q

Risk factors for asthma?

-6

A 
FHx 
Atopy prone
Passive smoking 
Low birthweight 
Bottle-fed (not breastfed) 
Work (isocyanate most common cause, in spray painting)
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11
Q

if someone is Atopy prone, what conditions are associated with this?

A

asthma, eczema, allergic rhinitis

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12
Q

define atopy?

A

make extra IgE to benign stimuli

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13
Q

asthma symptoms worse at night.

type of asthma?

A

nocturnal asthma

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14
Q

asthma symptoms worse when waking up

type of asthma?

A

Early-morning asthma

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15
Q

low peak flow at work

type of asthma?

A

occupational asthma

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16
Q

Complications of asthma?

- 4 things

A

infection can exacerbate asthma.
Steroids can stunt growth in children.
pneumothorax
nasal polyps

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17
Q

Eczema, allergic rhinitis and asthma are all mediated by which antibody type?

A

IgE

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18
Q

a wheeze in a child may be caused by what else aside from asthma?

A

viral infection.

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19
Q

symptoms of asthma?

- 3 things

A

Wheezy
SOB
Dry cough

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20
Q

sign on auscultating someone with asthma?

A

expiratory wheeze

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21
Q

peak flow result for asthmatic pt?

A

low

+ diurnal results

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22
Q

gold.S test for asthma?

what is the result?

A

Spirometry

FEV1/FVC <70%

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23
Q

pt has asthma, will FEV1 or FBC be low?

A

↓FEV1

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24
Q

what does one stand for in FEV1 ?

what does the FEV bit mean?

A

1 second

Forced expiratory volume

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25
what does FVC stand for?
Forced vital capacity
26
child aged 5-16 years old, being investigated for asthma. what is +ive result for Bronchodilator reversibility test?
improved FEV1 by ≥12%
27
what is +ive result for FeNO test? What does FeNO stand for?
>35 ppb fractional exhaled nitric oxide
28
child aged 5-16 years old, being investigated for asthma. what is the last Ix used to diagnose asthma if all other Ix were inconclusive. What is +ive result for this test?
peak flow meter variability of >20%
29
which granulocyte makes FeNO? a high FeNO correlates with what?
eosinophil inflammation
30
1st line drug for asthma, give the name? class of this drug? MOA of this drug/how does it work? effect of this drug on bronchodilation?
Salbutamol SABA, short acting beta agonist activates beta adrenergic receptors on smooth muscles, smooth muscle relaxes ↑bronchodilation
31
2nd line drug for asthma, give two names examples? class of this drug? MOA of this drug/how does it work? how often should this drug be used?
Beclomethasone, budesonide ICS, inhaled corticosteroids Anti-inflammatory every day
32
someone is on brown inhaler. what are the side effects of this drug? - 2 things how often is the brown inhaler taken? they have no symptoms, should they keep using the drug?
sore throat, stunted growth in kids. take everyday yes, use it everyday regardless of symptoms
33
someone is on blue inhaler. what are the side effects of this drug? - 3 things
tachycardia, tremor, palpitations
34
how often is the blue inhaler taken?
prn, take for acute relief
35
child aged 5-16 years old. what is the 1st line drug? what is the 2nd line Mx? in the 2nd line Mx what is the dosage of the added drug?
salbutamol (SABA) salbutamol + ICS ICS is low paed dose <200mcg
36
what is low paed dose for ICS? what is low adult dose for ICS?
<200mcg <400mcg
37
child aged 5-16 years old. what is the 3rd line Mx?
SABA + ICS + LTRA
38
give example of LTRA? what does LTRA stand for? moa of LTRA ?
montelukast leukotriene receptor antagonists stops leukotrienes
39
what do leukotrienes do in asthma? -3 which cells cause release of leukotrienes? -2
bronchoconstriction, inflammation, ↑mucus Mast cells & eosinophils
40
example of fast-acting LABA?
formoterol
41
example of slow-acting LABA?
salmeterol
42
does MART have slow or fast acting LABA?
fast
43
what is MART a combo of? | - give the drug classes?
ICS & fast-acting LABA
44
is MART used for acute relief or prevention?
used for both
45
child is on SABA+ICS+LTRA. which step of the management tree are they on? give named example of LTRA? the LTRA has had no effect, what do you swap it out for (give drug class)
3rd step montelukast LABA
46
what does LABA stand for? give two named examples? effect of LABA on smooth muscle of bronchioles? effect of LABA on bronchus lumen?
long-acting beta agonist salmeterol, formoterol relaxes smooth muscle widens lumen, bronchodilation
47
how often should LTRA be taken?
every day
48
how often should LABA be taken? someone is on LABA but says they do not have any symptoms right now, can they stop taking LABA?
every day no, keep taking every day
49
is LABA for acute relief or prevention?
prevention
50
is LTRA for acute relief or prevention?
prevention
51
child has asthma attack. what drugs do you give (name, route)? 2 drugs
Salbutamol via spacer + ICS 3-5 days
52
child has asthma attack. what are the 3 categories of asthma attack? which category indicates hospital admission and which indicates going home?
Moderate - go home Severe - hospital Life-threatening - hospital
53
SpO2 value in moderate, severe & life threatening asthma?
Moderate - >92% Severe - <92% Life-threatening - <92%
54
child has asthma attack. silent chest and poor resp effort. what category of attack is this?
Life-threatening
55
child has asthma attack. child has altered consciousness what category of attack is this?
Life-threatening
56
child has asthma attack. child is too breathless to talk. what category of attack is this?
Severe
57
child has asthma attack. child is using accessory neck muscles to breathe. what category of attack is this?
Severe
58
child >5 years old has asthma attack. SpO2 >92% . what category of attack is this?
Moderate
59
child >5 years old has asthma attack. HR>125 what category of attack is this?
Severe
60
child >5 years old has asthma attack. RR>30 what category of attack is this?
Severe
61
child >5 years old has asthma attack. PEF<33%. what category of attack is this?
Life-threatening
62
child >5 years old has asthma attack. PEF 33-50% what category of attack is this?
Severe
63
child >5 years old has asthma attack. PEF > 50% best or predicted what category of attack is this?
moderate
64
child has asthma attack. there is cyanosis what category of attack is this?
Life-threatening
65
child has asthma attack. Poor resp effort. what category of attack is this?
Life-threatening
66
child >5 years old has asthma attack. RR is 24. what category of attack is this?
Moderate
67
child >5 years old has asthma attack. RR is 34. what category of attack is this?
Severe
68
What HR denotes a severe asthma attack in a child under 5 years old vs a child over 5 years old?
child <5 years old - HR>140 child >5 years old - HR >125
69
What HR denotes a severe asthma attack in a child under 5 years old vs a child over 5 years old?
child <5 years old - HR>140 child >5 years old - HR >125
70
What RR denotes a severe asthma attack in a child under 5 years old vs a child over 5 years old?
child <5 years old - RR>40 child >5 years old - RR >30
71
child <5 years old has asthma attack. HR is 132. is this moderate or severe?
moderate
72
child <5 years old has asthma attack. HR is 144. is this moderate or severe?
severe
73
child <5 years old has asthma attack. RR is 46. is this moderate or severe? at what RR does it become sever in child under 5 years old?
severe RR>40 = severe
74
Signs of acute asthma attack are 3, | what are they?
1. Bilateral expiratory polyphonic wheeze 2. Hyperinflation 3. Prolonged expiration
75
should you use spacer?
yes

Respiratory (22 decks)

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