grey folder Q Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
Ipratropium group?
A
Antimuscarinic bronchodilators
2
Q
Ipratropium 2 main uses?
A
Asthma
(2) COPD
3
Q
Ipratropium moa?
A
Inhibit M1-3 muscarinic
receptors –> bronchodilation
4
Q
Ipratropium 2 important side effects
A
Dry mouth
GI upset
5
Q
Dalteparin class?
A
low molecular weight heparin
6
Q
Naftidrofuryl affect on blood vessels?
A
vasodilation
7
Q
Dalteparin moa>
A
inhibits factor X and thrombin
8
Q
citalopram moa?
A
SSRI
9
Q
gliclazide group?
A
sulfonylurea
10
Q
gliclazide main use?
A
diabetes
11
Q
Amlodipine moa?
A
Ca2+ channel blocker
12
Q
Amlodipine main uses?
-2
A
HTN
ischaemic heart disease aka coronary artery disease
13
Q
on CXR you see many white clouds/balls.
what is this called?
usual causes?
-2
A
cannonball metastases
renal or testicular cancer
14
Q
antidote to heparin?
A
protamine sulfate
15
Q
antidote to warfarin?
A
vit K
16
Q
someone is bleeding a lot.
what antifibrinolytics can you give that makes more blood clots?
A
tranexamic acid
17
Q
surgical treatment for haemoptysis in lungs called?
what does it invole
A
Bronchial artery embolization
catheter into bronchial artery, find bleeding, and put clot there (metallic coil, or gelatin sponge)
18
Q
most common infective cause for acute exacerbation of COPD?
A
haemophilus influenzae
19
Q
most common viral infective cause for acute exacerbation of COPD?
A
rhinovirus
20
Q
acute exacerbation of COPD.
what anti-inflammatory for you give?
- name
- strength
- how long
A
prednisolone
30mg
7-14 days
21
Q
2 main pathological features happening inside lungs of acute respiratory distress syndrome?
A
pulmonary oedema (fluid in alveoli) diffuse lung inflammation
22
Q
pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.
what ward do they go to?
A
ITU
23
Q
pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.
with low O2, low BP and is septic.
Mx?
-3 things
A
give O2
give vasopressors
antibiotics (if infected)
24
Q
pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.
what can happen to BP?
A
low BP
25
pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.
| what Ix is used to check there is no cardiogenic cause?
pulmonary artery wedge pressure
26
main imaging test for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
what do you see?
CXR
fluid in lungs/alveoli
27
pt has acute respiratory distress syndrome.
what do you hear on auscultation?
bilateral lung crackles
28
acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality rate?
40%
29
what is allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?
allergic reaction to aspergillus spores
30
pt has allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
what are the 2 main abnormal changes that happen inside the lungs?
bronchoconstriction
bronchiectasis
31
pt has allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
because this is an allergic reaction,
what leukocyte will be raised?
eosinophils
32
pt has allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
because this is an allergic reaction,
what antibody will be raised?
name of test to check if this antibody is raised?
IgE
radioallergosorbent test
33
1st line drug class allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?
corticosteroids
34
2nd line drug allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis?
-name
group of this drug?
itraconazole
antifungal
35
alpha-1-antritypin protects against what enzyme?
neutrophil elastase
36
alpha-1-antritypin deficiency causes what lung problem?
emphysema
37
alpha-1-antritypin deficiency causes what liver problem?
hepatocellular carcinoma
38
alpha-1-antritypin deficiency can cause what problem in children?
cholestasis
39
pt has alpha-1-antritypin deficiency.
1st line lifestyle change?
stop smoking
40
main Ix to check alpha-1-antritypin deficiency levels?
alpha-1-antritypin concentration (blood test)
41
what drug can be used prophylactically against altitude sickness?
class?
acetazolamide
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
42
drug to treat pulmonary oedema caused by high altitude?
moa/class?
nifedipine
Ca2+ channel blocker
43
drug to treat cerebral oedema caused by high altitude?
class?
dexamethasone
corticosteroid
44
3 main symptoms of asthma?
wheeze
tight chest
SOB
45
spirometry result on asthma, what goes down?
FEV1
46
FEV/FVC ratio of asthma?
<0.7
47
is asthma obstructive or restrictive?
obstructive
48
suspected asthma in adult,
2 main Ix used to diagnose?
spirometry with bronchodilator reversibility test
| FeNO (fractional exhaled nitric oxide)
49
suspected asthma in adult,
2 main Ix used to diagnose?
positive result for asthma in each?
spirometry with bronchodilator reversibility test - FEV/FVC ratio is < 0.7 & FEV1 improves by 12%
FeNO (fractional exhaled nitric oxide) - adults >40ppb = positive
50
biggest risk factor for atelectasis?
surgery
51
what is bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy?
enlarged lymph nodes at both lung's hila
52
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, most common causes?
| -2
sarcoidosis
| tuberculosis
53
1st line drug for bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy that is symptomatic?
-name
prednisolone
54
1st line Mx for bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy that is asymptomatic?
do nothing
55
person has bronchiectasis.
hallmark feature on CXR?
tram lines
56
person has bronchiectasis.
hallmark feature on CXR?
tram tracks
57
hallmark symptom of bronchiectasis
daily purulent sputum production
58
person has bronchiectasis.
hallmark feature on CT?
signet ring
59
what do you give all together to someone having an acute asthma attack?
-4
O2
salbutamol
hydrocortisone
ipratropium
60
lots of coal dust exposure causes what lung disease?
coal worker's pneumoconiosis
61
what is the main white blood cell implicated in coal worker's pneumoconiosis?
high levels of this wbc in the alveoli causes what basically?
macrophages
alveoli/ lung damage
62
coal worker's pneumoconiosis spirometry result and ratio?
low FVC
FEV1/FVC >0.7
63
is coal worker's pneumoconiosis obstructive or restrictive?
restrictive
64
coal worker's pneumoconiosis, CXR findings?
| -2 main features seen
opacities
| fibrosis
65
churg strauss syndrome is aka?
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
66
what is churg strauss syndrome?
an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) associated small-medium vessel vasculitis
67
which antibody is implicated in churg strauss syndrome?
abbreviation for this antibody?
name of blood test to check for this antibody?
antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies
ANCA
serum ANCA
68
what inflammatory maker do you check for in churg strauss syndrome and will be raised?
↑CRP
69
symptoms of churg strauss syndrome?
| -3
allergic rhinitis - sneeze
sinusitis - blocked nose
asthma - wheeze
70
churg strauss syndrome, what is seen on rhinoscope?
polyps
71
causes of chronic cough?
```
smoking
ACE-I
Upper airway cough syndrome aka post-nasal drip
asthma
GORD
```
72
main 3 lower respiratory symptoms?
nose - runny, blocked, sneezing
sore throat
hoarse voice
73
main 3 upper respiratory symptoms?
cough
wheeze
dyspnoea/SOB
74
hypersensitivity pneumonitis is aka?
extrinsic allergic alveolitis
75
define hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
inflammation of the alveoli and bronchioles caused by immune response to inhaled allergens?
76
hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis:
bird fancier's lung is caused by which allergen?
acvian protein
77
hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis:
farmer's lung is caused by which allergen?
Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula spores
78
hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis:
malt worker's lung is caused by which allergen?
aspergillus clavatus
79
hypersensitivity pneumonitis aka extrinsic allergic alveolitis:
thermophilic actinomycetes will cause what type of hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
mushroom worker's lung
80
define granuloma?
small pocket of macrophages
81
what is epistaxis?
bleeding from nose
82
what two drug can be used for daytime sleepiness?
ritalin
| modafinil
83
most common carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms?
headache
84
carbon monoxide poisoning symptoms?
| -4
headache
N&V
confusion
vertigo
85
pt has suspected carbon monoxide poisoning.
what should you measure in their blood?
what test will measure this?
carboxyhaemoglobin levels
venous or arterial blood gas analysis
86
carbon monoxide poisoning, gold.S Ix?
venous or arterial blood gas analysis
87
what is sarcoidosis?
diagnosis of exclusion of granulomatous lung disease from unknown aetiology
88
what category of diagnosis is sarcoidosis?
diagnosis of exclusion
89
cause of sarcoidosis?
unknown
90
ethnicity at risk of sarcoidosis?
afro-Caribbean
91
gender at risk of sarcoidosis?
female
92
age group at risk of sarcoidosis?
young adults
93
symptoms of sarcoidosis?
| -2
erythema nodosum
| lupus pernio
94
auscultate pt with sarcoidosis, what do you hear?
| -2
wheeze and rhonci
95
what is lupus pernio?
raised, purple lesions on skin of face
96
difference between wheeze and rhonci?
what structural changes in airways causes wheeze and rhonci?
wheeze - high pitched
rhonci - low pitched
narrowed airway
97
1st line Ix for sarcoidosis?
CXR
98
1st line MX for sarcoidosis?
| - drug class
corticosteroids
99
what is a pneumothorax?
air in pleural space
100
what is a primary pneumothorax?
resp illness not present
101
what is a secondary pneumothorax?
resp illness present
102
tension pneumothorax Mx?
asap decompression with needle
103
Immediate supportive Mx for a pneumothorax?
give Ox
104
conclusive Mx for a pneumothorax?
| -2 options
needle aspiration or chest drain
105
what happens to trachea in pneumothorax?
shifts to contralateral side
106
in pneumothorax what do you notice on percussion?
why?
ipsilateral side hyper-resonant
this side has more air
107
gold.S Ix for PE?
CTPA
108
best blood test to check PE?
D-dimer
109
PE symptoms?
-3
bed side PE observations?
-2
pleuritic chest pain
haemoptysis
SOB
tachycardia
tachypnoea
110
PE Mx acute?
- drug name
PE Mx 24 hours after above drug given?
- drug name
low molecular weigh heparin
warfarin
111
massive PE Mx?
thrombolysis
112
most common cause of bronchiolitis in children?
respiratory syncytial virus
113
severity and prognosis for most respiratory syncytial virus infections?
mild
| & self limiting
114
what is rhinorrhoea?
nose filled with mucus
115
is respiratory syncytial virus usually an upper or lower resp tract infection?
lower resp tract infection?
116
respiratory syncytial virus symptoms?
cough
wheeze
rhinorrhoea
high respiratory rate
117
child with respiratory syncytial virus comes to GP.
GP's 1st line Ix?
pulse oximeter
118
child with respiratory syncytial virus.
1st line Mx to relieve rhinorrhoea?
suction bulb
119
for a moderate respiratory syncytial virus infection.
what drug do you give?
- name
- class
prednisolone
| corticosteroids
120
what category of diagnosis is influenza?
clinical diagnosis
121
influenza symptoms?
| -5
```
rhinorrhoea
cough
fever
headache
myalgia
```
122
1st line Mx for most influenza pts?
- 2 drugs
- give names
paracetamol or ibuprofen
123
what antiviral Mx can be used for more severe influenza?
oseltamivir
124
hallmark feature of measles?
koplik (red) spots in mouth then rash
125
what type of blood Ix is used to confirm measles?
what are you checking for in the blood sample?
ELISA - enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
measles specific IgM antibodies
126
1st line Mx for most measles patients?
| - 2 drugs can be given (give names)
supportive - paracetamol or ibuprofen
127
asides from supportive Mx for a measles pt what other thing must be done?
why?
inform public health of infection
measles is a notifiable disease
128
you percuss pleural effusion.
sound?
dull
129
Ix to diagnose parainfluenza virus?
RT-PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
130
Ix for parainfluenza virus?
supportive only
131
age group effected by parainfluenza virus mainly?
infants
132
1st line Mx for pleural effusion caused by malignancy?
thoracentesis
133
pt has TB.
drugs for first 2 months?
drugs for next 4 months?
```
1st 2 months:
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
```
then next 4 months:
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
134
special test used for TB?
mantoux test
