Atherosclerosis and Lipoprotein Metabolism

Question 1

drugs used to treat type IIa Hyperlipoproteinaemia

Answer 1

none

Question 2

drugs used to treate type I Hyperlipoproteinaemia

Answer 2

statins and ezetimibe

Question 3

drugs used to treat type IIb Hyperlipoproteinaemia

Answer 3

Fibrates, statins, niacin (vitamin B3)

Question 4

drugs used to treat type III Hyperlipoproteinaemia

Answer 4

fibrates

Question 5

drugs used to treat type IV Hyperlipoproteinaemia

Answer 5

fibrates

Question 6

drugs used to treat type V Hyperlipoproteinaemia

Answer 6

Fibrates, niacin, fish oil, statins

Question 7

TRUE or FALSE: Loss-of-function single gene defects of LDL receptors give rise to Type IIa hypercholesterolaemia

Answer 7

true

Question 8

Lpa(a) is a type of LDL that contains apo(a), an apolipoprotein structurally like and a competitor of plasminogen. Apo(a) competes with ??? to limit plasmin formation and reduce fibrinolysis and promote thrombosis

Answer 8

plasminogen

Question 9

Low intracellular cholesterol increases expression of ??? and LDL receptor (LDL-R) mRNA

Answer 9

PCSK9

Question 10

PCSK9 undergoes autocatalytic processing in the ??? to form mature PCSK9 which is secreted and binds to the LDL-R at the cell surface

Answer 10

ER

Question 11

PCSK9/LDL-R complex binds LDL, which enter the endosomal-lysosomal pathway to mediate degradation and prevent LDL-R recycling to the cell surface = reduction in ???

Answer 11

further LDL uptake

Question 12

Gain OR Loss (?) of-function single PCSK9 gene defects reduce incidence of atherosclerosis

Answer 12

gain

Question 13

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E) are taken as preventative action to improve ??? function

Answer 13

endothelial function

Question 14

what drugs are taken to improve endothelial function as a preventative for atherosclerosis?

Answer 14

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, Antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E)

Question 15

Reduce alcohol intake, increase exercise, Anacetrapib (experimental), ApoA-I Milano (experimental) are preventative actions of atherosclerosis to improve ???

Answer 15

increase HDLs

Question 16

what is a preventative action taken to reduce C-reactive protein

Answer 16

Anti-inflammatories

Question 17

STATINS or FIBRATES inhibit HMG-CoA reductase which is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

Answer 17

statins

Question 18

statins cause decreased ??? synthesis which upregulates LDL receptor synthesis, promoting hepatic LDL uptake and clearance of LDLs from the circulation

Answer 18

cholesterol

Question 19

Simvastatin, lovastatin and pravastatin are reversible
inhibitors that fall under the STATIN or FIBRATE drug family?

Answer 19

statin

Question 20

Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin are long-lasting inhibitors that are ??? drugs

Answer 20

statin

Question 21

PCSK9 inhibitors block PCSK9 from binding to LDL receptors = prevents lysosomal degradation of LDL receptors = more control of ??? concentrations

Answer 21

circulating LDL

Question 22

Evolocumab and alirocumab are licensed ??? inhibitors and are examples of monoclonal antibody
therapies

Answer 22

PCSK9

Question 23

TRUE or FALSE: Evolocumab and alirocumab are administered
subcutaneously ONLY with statins

Answer 23

FALSE: with OR without statins

Question 24

Fibrates activate PPARa to increase transcription of ???, promoting hepatic LDL uptake and clearance of LDLs fromcirculation

Answer 24

lipoprotein lipases

Question 25

PPARa forms a heterodimeric nuclear receptor with retinoid X
receptors (RXR) to bind ??? response elements

Answer 25

genomic nuclear

Question 26

Fibrates can reduce plasma C-reactive protein and ??? and inhibit vascular smooth muscle inflammation via inhibition of the transcription factor NFkB

Answer 26

fibrinogen

Question 27

FIBRATE or STATIN (?) drugs include bezafibrate, ciprofibrate, gemfibrozil, fenofibrate and clofibrate

Answer 27

Fibrate

Question 28

which drug groups decrease atherosclerosis?

Answer 28

statins, PCSK9 inhibitors, Fibrates