cardiovascular pharmacology II

Question 1

Vascular tone is regulated by the ???, vascular endothelium and the renin-angiotensin system

Answer 1

sympathetic nervous system

Question 2

Muscles contract when cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations rise = can activate myosin ??? that phosphorylates myosin, or inhibition of myosin phosphatase that sensitises myofilaments to Ca2+

Answer 2

light- chain kinase

Question 3

Coupling between [Ca2+] and contraction in vascular smooth muscle cells is less tight than in striated voluntary and ???

Answer 3

cardiac muscles

Question 4

Vasoconstrictor and vasodilator drugs work by increasing or decreasing [Ca2+]i and/or by changing the ??? of the contractile machinery to [Ca2+]i

Answer 4

sensitivity

Question 5

the following Mechanisms Control Smooth Muscle CONTRACTION or RELAXATION?
- potassium channel activators,
- agonists of adenosine, b-agonists, prostaglandins, etc
- PDE inhibitors

Answer 5

Relaxation

Question 6

the following mechanisms control smooth muscle CONTRACTION or RELAXATION?
- Agonists of noradrenaline, histamine, angiotensin
calcium channel blockers

Answer 6

CONTRACTION

Question 7

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are mediators produced by vascular endothelium which produce ???

Answer 7

either vasoconstriction or vasodilation. can be both

Question 8

Nitric Oxides are mediators produced by vascular endothelium which produce VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION?

Answer 8

vasodilation

Question 9

c-natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin are mediators produced by vascular endothelium which produce VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION?

Answer 9

vasodilation

Question 10

Endothelin is a mediator produced by vascular endothelium which produces VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION through ETA receptors and, less commonly the opposite via ETB receptors

Answer 10

vasoconstriction via ETA receptors or less commonly vasodilation via ETB receptors

Question 11

Angiotensin II is a mediators produced by vascular endothelium which produce VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION?

Answer 11

Vasoconstriction

Question 12

Endothelium development (angiogenesis) and repair is controlled by several growth
factors, including ???, which serve as drug targets

Answer 12

vascular endothelial growth factor

Question 13

what are expressed by vascular endothelium and important in control of vascular muscle tone and provide additional drug targets?

Answer 13

enzymes and transporter mechanisms

Question 14

Endothelin is a ??? vasoconstrictor peptide

Answer 14

lon acting and potent

Question 15

endothelin is released from ??? and displays various chemical and physical properties. Action is not confined to blood vessels

Answer 15

endothelial cells

Question 16

the renin-angiotensin system acts with sympathetic or parasympathetic NS? this is to increase noradrenaline release from nerve terminals to produce vasoconstriction

Answer 16

sympathetic NS

Question 17

endothelin acts on vascular smooth muscle to cause an increase in blood pressure, vasospasms, smooth muscle proliferation and activation of the ??? axis

Answer 17

hypothalamic-pituitary axis

Question 18

renin is released from ??? in kidneys and acts on angiotensin from the liver to form angiotensin I. ACE acts on angiotensin I to form angiotensin II.

Answer 18

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 19

angiotensin II acts on vascular smooth muscle to cause: vascular growth (hyperplasia, hypertrophy), ??? (direct and indirect by increasing noradrenaline), salt retention (aldosterone secretion, tubular NA+ reabsorption)

Answer 19

vasoconstriction

Question 20

Tyramine, cocaine are vasoactive drugs that cause VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION? action is via Noradrenaline release and blockade of noradrenaline reuptake, acting on sympathetic nerves.

Answer 20

Vasoconstriction irction

Question 21

angiotensin II is a drug that works in endothelium, causing vasoconstriction via increased ??? release

Answer 21

Endothelin

Question 22

Prostaglandin E2 and guanethidine
are drugs that cause VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION via inhibition of noradrenaline release? site of action is sympathetic nerves

Answer 22

vasodilation

Question 23

Acetylcholine and substance P are drugs that cause VASOCONSTRICTION or VASODILATION via Nitric oxide release? site of action is endothelium

Answer 23

Vasodilation

Question 24

Anaesthetics are vasodilators via Vasomotor inhibition, acting on ???

Answer 24

Central nervous system

Question 25

What drug is an ACE inhibitor acting at the site of enzymes as a vasoactive drug.

Answer 25

captopril

Question 26

Vasoconstrictor drugs:
- adrenaline
- Angiotensin II
- Antidiuretic hormone Antidiuretic hormone (i.e. vasopressin)
- ???

Answer 26

Endothelin

Question 27

Vasodilator drugs are primarily used to treat:
- hypertension
- cardiac failure
- ???

Answer 27

angina

Question 28

vasodilator drugs act to
- INCREASE or DECREASE local tissue blood flow
- INCREASE or DECREASE arterial pressure, central venous pressure, cardiac work by reducing cardiac preload and afterload

Answer 28

• increase
• decrease

Question 29

calcium antagonists, KATP channel activators M, and Cyclic nucleotide
inducers, are examples of Indirectly or Directly acting vasodilator drugs?

Answer 29

directly acting vasodilator drugs
Note: ca2+ antagonists = Nifedipine, diltiazem, verapamil
KATP channel activators = Minoxidil
Cyclic nucleotide inducers = Prostacyclin (epoprostenol), b2-
adrenoceptor agonists, adenosine

Question 30

Indirectly Acting Vasodilator Drugs include:
- a1-adrenoceptor antagonists
- Aliskiren, Captopril, Enalapril, Ramipril, Losartan, Candesartan, Valsartan, Eplerenone, Spironolactone
- ???, bradykinin
- Phosphoramidon, Bosentan
- sacubitril

Answer 30

Acetylcholine

Question 31

TRUE or FALSE: antihypertensive drugs have adverse effects such as postural hypotension and impotence

Answer 31

TRUE