ATP, Water and Reactions Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in ATP, Water and Reactions Deck (47)
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1
Q

Endocytosis

A

a cell surounds a substance with a section of its cell membrane,
the membrane pinches off to form a vescile inside the cell,

2
Q

What uses Endocytosis

A

Phagocytes use endocytosis to ingest and digest bacteria and dead cells

3
Q

What is taken in through Endocytosis

A

Cholesterol

4
Q

Exocytosis

A

vescile containing substances fuses with the membrane and releases the substances outside the cell

5
Q

What is removed by Exocytosis

A

enzymes and antibodies

6
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

relases energy

7
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

needs energy to drive them

8
Q

Exothermic reaction

A

releases heat

9
Q

Endothermic reaction

A

takes in heat

10
Q

Respiratation / Combustion of Glucose

A

glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide +water+ energy,

11
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate:

Adenine, Ribose, 3 Phosphate Groups.

12
Q

ATP Hydrolysis

A

ATP + H2O ——> ADP + Pi

gives out energy

13
Q

Break down of ATP

A

ATP can be broken down into ADP + Pi which are used to re-synthesised more ATP.
Breaking bonds to release energy happens in a single step reaction so energy is released quickly.

14
Q

Negatively Charged Phosphates are…….

A

under stress due to charges repelling,

this releases energy as the bonds are broken.

15
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

High energy PO4^2- transferred from other molecules to ADP.

16
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

The energy of oxidation reactions provides the energy to phosphorylate ADP.

17
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

Thylakoid membranes in plants use light energy to add a phosphate group to ADP.

18
Q

ATPase

A

An enzyme which hydrolyses

ATP ——–> ADP + Pi

19
Q

ATP synthase

A

An enzyme which synthesises ATP from ADP + Pi

20
Q

Transmembrane ATPase

A

A protein which spans the membrane and hydrogen ATP.

21
Q

Anabolic Reactions

A

Build macromolecules from smaller ones,
Require energy input (ATP hydrolysis),
e.g. protein synthesis and formation of polysaccharides.

22
Q

Catabolic Reactions

A

Break down of large molecules into smaller ones,
releases energy,
e.g. hydrolysis of starch

23
Q

Energy uses in:

Anabolic Reactions

A

Synthesis of protein and DNA.

24
Q

Energy uses in:

Haeting the Organism

A

Waste energy from transfer.

25
Q

Energy uses in:

Active Transport

A

Secretory activities (endocytosis/exocytosis).

26
Q

Energy uses in:

Muscle Contraction

A

To pump more blood around the body.

27
Q

Energy uses in:

Cell Division

A

mitosis,
meiosis,
binary fission.

28
Q

Energy uses in:

ATP Hydrolysis

A

Glucose would relase too much energy to be channelled into cellular reactions when hydrolysed,
in efficient use of this energetic molecule,
ATP releases nice ‘packets’ of energy that are just enough for one cjemical reaction,
the reaction happens all in one step and not several.

29
Q

Water

A

polar solvent molecucle,
it is not charged overall,
the oxygen atom has a slight negative charge and the hydrogen atoms have a slight postivie charge,
water is dipolar.

30
Q

Binding of 2 water molecules

A

water molecules are attracted to each other,

held together by hydrogen bonds.

31
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

weaker than covalent bonds but together in numbers are strong.

32
Q

The Universal Solvent

A

so much can dissolve in water however it is not truly universal.

33
Q

High `specific Heat Capacity

A

It takes alot of energy to change the temperature of water due to the hydrogen bonding between molecules,
temperature changes are small in aquatic ecosystems and in organisms (which are mainly water).

34
Q

Latent Heat of Vaporistaion

A

It takes a lot of energy to make water evaporate,
when sweat evaporates energy from the surface of the organism is removed,
the cools the body.

35
Q

Cohesion and Surface Tension

A

water molecules stick together,
they form long columns when they are drawn up plants,
tehy form a surface that pond skaters can live on in bodies of water.

36
Q

Density of the Solid Upon Freezing

A

Ice is less dense than water,

it forms an insulating layer on the surface of a pond when it freezes from the top down protecting aquatic organisms.

37
Q

water reisits change of state because….

A

hydrogen bonding,

this moderates earths temperatures.

38
Q

water resists changes in temberature because…..

A

hydrogen bonding helps keep our body temperature constant

39
Q

water is a universal solvent because….

A

its polarity which facilitates chemical reactions.

40
Q

water is cohesive and adhesive because……

A

hydrgen bonding and polarity,

it serves as a transport medium.

41
Q

water has a high surface tension because…….

A

hydrogen bonding menas it is difficult to break surface tension.

42
Q

water is less dense as ice than liquid water because…..

A

hydrogen bonding,

resulting in ice floating on water.

43
Q

water catalyses…….

A

photosynthesis,
condesation reactions,
hydrolysis reactions.

44
Q

water is not……

A

easily compressible which forms the hydrostatic skeleton in worms.

45
Q

water is transported so……

A

plants can live underwater

46
Q

All ions dissolve in water

A

All ions dissolve in water

47
Q

ATP Synthesis

A

ADP + Pi ——-> ATP

Energy input