Immune System

Question 1

Antigen

Answer 1

A protein on the cell surface which recognises it as a non-self molecule which then causes an immune response

Question 2

Pathogen

Answer 2

A micro organism that causes disease

Question 3

Phagocytosis

Answer 3

Bacterium relases chemoattractants for the phagocyte to follow
Foreign antigens bind to the surface ignorer for the phagocyte to engulf the bacterium
Bacterium becomes a vesicle with a protective layer
Phagosome
Lysosomes fuse and inject into the phagosome
Phagolysosome
Lysosomes release digestive hydrolytic enzymes which break down and destroy the phagolysosome
Exocytosis

Question 4

Immune Response

Answer 4

Pathogen
Antigne 
Phagocyte 
Antigen Presenting Cell 
T-Lymphocytes
B-Lymphocytes
Memory B Cells 
Plasma Cells 
Antibodies

Question 5

T-Lymphocytes

Answer 5

Divide by mitosis 
create clones 
memory T cells 
cytotoxic T cells 
B cells

Question 6

B-Lymphocytes

Answer 6

Divide by mitosis
create clones
memory B cells
plasma cells

Question 7

Plasma Calls

Answer 7

Create antibodies

Question 8

Antibodies

Answer 8

proteins 
4 polypeptide chains
-2 long and heavy
-2 short and light
variable region is specific to an antigen

Question 9

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Answer 9

Antigen-Antibody Complex

Question 10

Do antibodies destroy pathogens?

Answer 10

Antibodies do not direvtly destroy pathogens they just prepare them for destruction

Question 11

Agglutination

Answer 11

cause microbes to clump together

act as markers

Question 12

Neutralisation

Answer 12

some pathogens produce toxin

antibodues nautralise these toxins

Question 13

Viruses

Answer 13

proteins on their surface bind to receipts on the host cell
this is how they enter the cell
Antibodies stop viruses binding to host cells so they can not enter

Question 14

Polyclonal Antibodies

Answer 14

when different types of antiobodies are produced by one pathogen

Question 15

How to create Monoclonal Antibodies

Answer 15

Inject specific antigen into mouse
Stimulating the prodocudtion of plasma cells
Plasmas cells are removed and fused with cancerous myeloma cells
Hybridoma cells are formed which are immortal and divide infinetly
Producing a single type of antibody

Question 16

Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies

Answer 16

Use in treatments of cancer
Medical diagnosis
Pregnancy testing

Question 17

Problems with Monclonal Antibodies

Answer 17

As we use mice their antibodies might be too different and recognised as foreign in our own body which will trigger and immune response
quickly inactivating the mAbs

Question 18

How to minimise mAbs risk

Answer 18

geneticaly engineering the mAbs inorder to humanise them

Question 19

Ethics of mAbs

Answer 19

Involes using mice or rabbits which deliberatly induces cancer in them
leads to suffering and death

Question 20

Safety of mAbs

Answer 20

there have been associated deaths
not all good ecperineces in testing
can cause long term health problems

Question 21

Direct Cancer Treatment

Answer 21

mAbs specific to the antigens on cancer cells are produced
Antibody binds to cancer call and blocks chemical signals
that stimulate growth

Question 22

Indirect Cancer Treatment

Answer 22

radioactive/cytotoxic drugs are attached to the antibody
antibody binds to the recpetor on the cancer cell
call is killed

Question 23

ADEPT

Answer 23

Antibody Dependent Enzyme Prodrug Therapy

using antibodies complemetary to specific pathogens in the blood to detect their presence

Question 24

Pregnancy testing

Answer 24

mAbs antibody complementary to HCG (only detected during pregnancy)
mAbs attaches to HCG and pulls it down

Question 25

B and T Lymphocytes Activation

Answer 25

B cell triggered when it encounters matching antigen B cell engulfs the antigen and displays fragments of its MHC molecule Antigen and MHC combination attracts mature matching T call T cells secrete cytokinesis which actiavtes B cells to multiply and mature Plasma cells Released into the blood Antigen-Antibody complexes cleared by the complement cascade.

Question 26

Vaccine

Answer 26

preperation of antigen injected or given by mouth antigen from vaccine enters body stimulates primary immune response

Question 27

Clonal Selection

Answer 27

Antigens bind to complemetary glycoprotein on B and T lymphocytes Stimulates immune response

Question 28

Clonal Expansion

Answer 28

B and T lymphocytes dic=vide by mitosis

Question 29

Primary Immune Response

Answer 29

B lymphocytes activate plasma cell production Antibodies produced to neutralise or agglutinate pathogens Takes a few days for antibody numbers to rise in blood Same process occurs whether it is naturally or a vaccine

Question 30

Secondary Immune Response

Answer 30

B memory cells circulate in the blood Upon antigen binding they rapidly divide by mitosis to give plasma cells Antibodies are produced faster than in the primary and there is no need for T cell actiavtion Rapid response to the antigen

Question 31

Vaccination

Answer 31

``` Antigen stimualte primary response Specific B cells bind to antigens Actiavtes by T helper cells B cells divide by mitosis to produce plasma cells and memory cells Plasmas cells produce antibodies Neutalise infection Memory cells encounter antigen Stimulates secondary rsponse Much faster ``` more vaccines boost levels of memory cells

Question 32

Natural Immunity

Answer 32

Biological process

Question 33

Artificial Immunity

Answer 33

scientific/medical process

Question 34

Active Immunity

Answer 34

Lymphocyte receptors actiavted by antigens

Question 35

Passive Immunity

Answer 35

no lymphocytes are activated

Question 36

Natural Active

Answer 36

long term infected by disease causing an immune response takes time

Question 37

Natural Passive

Answer 37

Immediate protection antibodies from mother (across placenta) or (breast milk) short term immunity

Question 38

Artifical Active

Answer 38

long term immunity immunisation or vaccination takes time

Question 39

Artifical Passive

Answer 39

immediate protection injected with antibodies (tetanus injections) short term immunity

Question 40

Immunodeficinecy

Answer 40

They dont have an immune system so giving them a vaccine could kill them. They can't fight off the infection.

Question 41

Herd Immunity

Answer 41

if almost eveyone in the population is vaccinated it is unlikely the small amount of people who arent will become infected There is no one to pass on the infection and nowhere for it to live

Question 42

Antigenic Variation

Answer 42

Pathogens can slightly change their surface antigens Upon secondary infection memory cells do not recognise the antigens Vaccine development beomes difficult