ATTACHMENT Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
What are the animal studies of attachment?
A
Lorenz and Harlow
2
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Who conduced the imprinting study?
A
Lorenz
3
Q
Animal studies of attachment
What is imprinting?
A
The evolved, innate ability of animals to make an attachment to the first moving thing they see
For protection and learning survival behaviour
4
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Aim of imprinting study
A
To test imprinting as an evolved, innate ability
5
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Procedure of imprinting study
A
Clutch of grey lag geese split into 2
C1- Eggs returned to natural mother
C2- Eggs placed in incubator & hatched with Lorenz
Put ALL geese in a room and tested whether they followed Lorenz or biological mother
6
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Findings of imprinting study
A
The geese imprinted on whoever they saw first
Critical period- 48 hours, goslings imprinted within 14 hours
7
Q
Animal studies of attachment
What theory does the imprinting study support?
A
Supports Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory
Adaptive, critical period, monotropy
8
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Strengths of imprinting study
Natural
A
High ecological validity
9
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of imprinting study
Natural
A
No control over extraneous variables
10
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of imprinting study
Animal study
A
Cant extrapolate to humans
11
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of imprinting study
Investigator bias
A
Lorenz was experimenter and investigator -> bias -> NOT analysed results objectively -> lack validity
12
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Strengths of imprinting study
Further research support
A
Guiton
Exposed leghorn chicks to yellow rubber gloves whilst feeding -> imprinted -> linked with later mating behaviour -> survival behaviour
13
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Who conduced the origins of love study?
A
Harlow
14
Q
Animal studies of attachment
How did Harlow propose attachments were formed?
A
Attachments formed through comfort
15
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Aim of Harlows study
A
To disprove the learning theory
16
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Procedure of Harlows study
A
8 infant rhesus monkeys studied from 165 days
C1- Cloth mother had milk bottle
C2- Wire mother has milk bottle
Recorded time spent per day on mother
Reactions when scared
17
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Findings of Harlows study
A
ALL spent most time on cloth mother, regardless of milk bottle & if scared
18 hours a day
18
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Lasting effects of Harlows study
A
Socially abnormal
Sexually abnormal
19
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of Harlows study
Confounding variables
A
The ‘faces’ of the mothers were different, which may be a reason for the cloth mother being more popular- e.g. her face could’ve seemed more natural
20
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of Harlows study
Animal study
A
Cant extrapolate to humans
21
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of Harlows study
Ethics
A
Lon- term psychological consequences
Shown as lasting effects included social and sexual abnormality
22
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Limitations of Harlows study
Artificial tasks
A
Low ecological validity
23
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Strengths of Harlows study
Allows research
A
Allows research that cannot be undertaken on humans due to ethics
24
Q
Animal studies of attachment
Strengths of Harlows study
Lab study
A
Control over extraneous varibles
Can be replicated for reliability
25
Explanations of attachment
| What are the explanations of attachment?
Learning theory- behaviourist
| Monotropic theory- biological
26
Explanations of attachment
| What is the learning theory AKA?
The cupboard love theory
27
Explanations of attachment
| What does the cupboard love theory propose?
Attachment is based on provision of food alone
| Occurs as the child seeks out the person who can supply the reward
28
Explanations of attachment
| Classical conditioning in the learning theory
Before- mother (NS), food (UCS), baby happy (UCR)
During- mother and food consistently linked to make baby happy
After- mother (CS), baby happy (CR)
29
Explanations of attachment
| Operant conditioning in learning theory
Drive reduction theory- Dollard and Miller
hungry -> drive to reduce -> fed-> discomfort reduced-> food is primary reinforcer and supplier is secondary reinforcer
Positive reinforcement- feeding pleasure
Negative reinforcement- reduce discomfort
30
Explanations of attachment
Strengths of learning theory
Research support
Pavlov- CC
| Skinner- OC
31
Explanations of attachment
Limitations of learning theory
Animal studies
Supportive research undertaken on animals
| Can't extrapolate
32
Explanations of attachment
Limitations of learning theory
Contrasting research
Harlow proposed that attachment is formed through comfort
33
Explanations of attachment
| What is Bowlbys definition for attachment?
Attachment is an evolved mechanism to ensure survival of the child
34
Explanations of attachment
| What are the 5 aspects of Bowlbys monotropic theory?
```
ASCMI
Adaptive
Social releases
Critical period
Monotropy
Inner working model
```
35
Explanations of attachment
| Monotropic theory- Adaptive
Attachment in innate
| Babies and caregivers have evolved through natural selection
36
Explanations of attachment
| Monotropic theory- Social releases
Babies- crying and smiling
| Caregiers have instincts
37
Explanations of attachment
| Monotropic theory- Critical period
6 months- 2 1/2 years
| If attachment is disrupted during the CP, there will be negative consequences
38
Explanations of attachment
| Monotropic theory- Monotropy
One relationship is TOP of the hierarchy
| IT is the most important
39
Explanations of attachment
| Monotropic theory- Inner working model
First attachment provides a template for future relationship (continuity hypothesis)
Child- lovable or not
Caregiver- trustworthy or not
40
Explanations of attachment
Strengths of monotropic theory
Real- life application
Critical period- age at which children should be adopted
| Monotropy- importance of extended maternity leave without disruptions
41
Explanations of attachment
Strengths of monotropic theory
Research support
Lorenz- adaptive, critical period, monotropy
42
Who investigated the types of attachment?
Mary Ainsworth
43
What was the aim of the Strange Situation study?
To investigate the different types of attachment between babies and their caregivers
44
Who were the ppts of the Strange Situation study?
Mothers and infants aged 9-18 months
45
Episode 1 of the Strange Situation
1. Mamma baby
46
Episode 2 of the Strange Situation
2. Baby play
47
Episode 3 of the Strange Situation
3. Mumma stranger
48
Episode 4 of the Strange Situation
4. Mumma goes away
49
Episode 5 of the Strange Situation
5. Mumma comes back and stranger goes away
50
Episode 6 of the Strange Situation
6. Mumma laves baby alone for the day
51
Episode 7 of the Strange Situation
7. Stranger comforts baby whilst mumma is away
52
Episode 8 of the Strange Situation
8. Mumma comes back and stranger goes- hooray!
53
What 4 attachment behaviours were being observed in the Strange Situation?
Mother as a secure base
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Reunion behaviour
54
What were the findings of the Strange Situation study?
3 attachment types
55
What is type A attachment?
Insecure- avoidant
56
What are key behaviours of type A attachment?
Low stranger anxiety
Low separation anxiety
No response to return
Willing to explore
57
What % of babies are type A attachment?
22%
58
What is type B attachment?
Secure
59
What are key behaviours of type B attachment?
Moderate stranger anxiety
Moderate separation anxiety
Positive reunion behaviour
Willing to explore if mother present
60
What % of babies are type B attachment?
66%
61
What is type C attachment?
Insecure- resistant
62
What are key behaviours of type C attachment?
High stranger anxiety
High separation anxiety
Negative reunion behaviour- angry at mother
Anxious to explore
63
Limitations of the Strange Situation & attachment types
| Culture bias
Strange Situation used middle class, white, Americans
| Reflects individualistic culture
64
Limitations of the Strange Situation & attachment types
| Temporally relative
May show DIFFERENT attachment type at different occasions
65
Limitations of the Strange Situation & attachment types
| Artificial tasks
Low ecological validity
66
Limitations of the Strange Situation & attachment types
| Beta- bias
Baby may show DIFFERENT attachment types when with different people
e.g. Lamb proposed father as a playmate
67
Strengths of the Strange Situation & attachment types
| Test- retest reliability
Similar studies show different results
68
Strengths of the Strange Situation & attachment types
| Real- life application
Worldwide method for measuring attachment attachment types
69
Who conducted the study into cultural variations in attachment?
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg
70
What was the aim of the study into cultural variations in attachment?
To investigate if attachment types are universal across all cultures, or culturally specific
71
Who's theory do I&K question?
Bowlbys monotropic theory -> suggests attachment is biological -> suggests its universal across all cultures
72
What was the procedure of the study into cultural variations in attachment?
8 countries
32 studies
2,000 + babies
Used Ainsworth's Strange Situation attachment types
73
What were the findings of the study into cultural variations in attachment?
4 findings
- Secure (B) attachments most common
- Avoidant (A) most common in west Germany
- Resistant (C) most common in Japan & Israel -> mums stay close to babies
- Differences WITHIN cultures was 1.5% LARGER than BETWEEN cultures
74
Strengths of cultural variations in attachment
| Meta- analysis
8 countries
32 studies
2,000 babies
large sample -> reliable -> generalisable
75
Strengths of cultural variations in attachment
| Real- life application
Secure (B) -> most common -> best biological method for survival
76
Limitations of cultural variations in attachment
| Some culture bias
18/ 32 studies undertaken in America
| 27/ 32 studies undertaken in individualistic cultures
77
Limitations of cultural variations in attachment
| Imposed etic
Strange Situation developed in America so not suitable for other cultures
78
Who proposed the maternal deprivation theory?
Bowlby
79
What does the maternal deprivation theory propose?
If a child experiences a loss of maternal care during the critical period, there will be long- term consequences
80
What are the 3 elements of the maternal deprivation theory?
The value of maternal care
Critical period
Long- term consequences
81
Maternal deprivation theory
| The value of maternal care
NOT enough for a child to be safe and fed
| Need a warm, intimate and continuous relationship
82
Maternal deprivation theory
| Critical period
Separation will only have these effects if it occurs within the critical period
BUT risks up to 5 years old
83
Maternal deprivation theory
| Long- term consequences
Emotional issues
| Mental health issues e.g. depression
84
Strengths of the maternal deprivation theory
| Real- life application
Importance of child rearing
Pre 1950s- infants in hospitals had little visits
Post 1950s- family visits are encouraged
85
Strengths of the maternal deprivation theory
| Research support
Bifulco
| 25% of patients with depression experienced early separation
86
Limitations of the maternal deprivation theory
| 'Deprivation' is unclear
Often taught to just be physical, but can ALSO be emotional separation
87
Limitations of the maternal deprivation theory
| Deterministic
Early separation = long- term consequences
88
What is the supportive study for the maternal deprivation theory?
44 juvenile thieves
89
What was the aim of the 44 juvenile thieves study?
To investigate whether a lack of maternal care during the critical period leads to emotional maladjustment
90
What was the procedure of the 44 juvenile thieves study?
88 'emotionally maladjusted' children
44 had been caught stealing
14 were 'affectionless psychopaths' - no empathy, guilt or shame
91
What were the findings of the 44 juvenile thieves study?
12 of the 'affectionless psychopaths' had experiences early separations with their mothers
Supports maternal deprivation theory
92
Limitations of the 44 juvenile thieves study
| Investigator bias
Used ppts from his own London clinic
| Collected AND interpreted data -> bias -> lacks validity
93
Limitations of the 44 juvenile thieves study
| Small sample
88- 44- 14- 12
94
Limitations of the 44 juvenile thieves study
| Culture bias
London clinic -> individualistic
95
Who studied the effects of institutionalisation?
Rutter & Burke
96
What is institutionalisation?
The impact of living in an institution
| Social, mental and physical underdevelopment, some of which is irreversible
97
Institutionalisation
| What was the aim of the study into institutionalisation?
Study the ERA
98
Institutionalisation
| What does ERA stand for?
English & Romanian adoptees
99
Institutionalisation
| Who were the ppts of the study into institutionalisation?
165 Romanian children who spent early lives in institutions- 111 adopted before 2y/o, 54 adopted before 5y/o
British children adopted before 6 months old
100
Institutionalisation
| What was the procedure of the study into institutionalisation?
Romanian children compared to control group of British children
Tested at ages 6, 11 and 15 on physical, cognitive and social development
101
Institutionalisation
| What were the findings of the study into institutionalisation?
At time of adoption, ALL Romanian orphans were smaller, weighed less and 'mentally retarded'
Romanian orphans adopted before 2y/o caught up with UK by 4y/o
Romanian orphans adopted before 5y/o showed 'disinhibited attachment' - form of insecure attachment: overfamiliarity with strangers and attention seeking
102
Institutionalisation
| What is disinhibited attachment?
A form of insecure attachment
Overfamiliarity with strangers
Attention seeking behaviours
103
Strengths of institutionalisation
| Real- life application
Adoption laws -> the ages children should be adopted
104
Strengths of institutionalisation
| Natural experiment
No demand characteristics
| Socially sensitive
105
Strengths of institutionalisation
| Longitudinal study
Tested long- term
| Tested at ages 6, 11 and 15
106
Limitations of institutionalisation
| Deterministic
In institution at young age -> long- term negative consequences
107
Limitations of institutionalisation
| Lacks reliability
Can't be replicated as socially sensitive
108
Institutionalisation
| What are the 4 effects of institutionalisation?
Physical underdevelopment
Intellectual underfunctioning
Disinhibited attachment
Poor parenting
109
Institutionalisation
Effects of institutionalisation
Physical underdevelopment
Due to poor nutrition
| Lack of care -> deprivation dwarfism
110
Institutionalisation
Effects of institutionalisation
Intellectual underfunctioning
Lower IQ
| Lack of education
111
Institutionalisation
Effects of institutionalisation
Disinhibited attachment
A form of insecure attachment
Overfamiliarity with strangers
Attention seeking behaviour
112
Institutionalisation
Effects of institutionalisation
Poor parenting
More extreme difficulties in parenting
113
Early attachment on adult relationships
| What study tested the IWM?
The love quiz
114
Early attachment on adult relationships
| Who conduced the love quiz?
Hazan and Shaver
115
Early attachment on adult relationships
| What was the aim of the love quiz?
To test the influence on early attachment on adult relationships
The IWM
116
Early attachment on adult relationships
| What was the procedure of the love quiz?
Placed quiz in Rocky Mountain local paper
Asked about- early relationships and current relationships
To identify attachment type A, B or C
117
Early attachment on adult relationships
| What were the findings of the love quiz?
```
620 responses- 415 women and 205 men
56% secure -> positive IWM
25% avoidant
19% resistant
POSITIVE correlation between early and adult relationship type
```
118
Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Self- reporting
Demand characteristics
Social desirability bias
May not be consciously aware
119
Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Deterministic
Poor early relationships = poor adult relationships
120
Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Cultural bias
Sample in local America newspaper
121
Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Gender bias
415 women
205 men
Unequal sample
122
Early attachment on adult relationships
Limitations of the love quiz
Volunteer sample
Ppts may have similar personality traits in order to volunteer -> biased sample -> not representative
