Attachment Flashcards
1
Q
Who did a case study on interactional synchrony?
A
Meltzoff and Moore
2
Q
Who said that mothers pick up on signs that their babies are ready for interaction 2/3 of the time ?
A
Fieldman and Eidmans
3
Q
When do babies enter their alert phase?
A
From 3 weeks old babies have an alert phase in which they signal that they are ready for interactions
4
Q
What was the aim of Meltzoff and Moores study?
A
To observe the beginning of interactional synchrony in babies
5
Q
Procedure of meltzoff and moores:
A
Adults would display 2-3 facial expressions or gestures and infants would be filmed for their reactions
6
Q
What were the findings of meltzoff and moores study?
A
A correlation was found between adult behavior and infant response
7
Q
Name a researcher that can support interactional synchrony:
A
Isabella et al found that there was strong positive correlation between quality of attachment and interactional synchrony though her research about the quality of attachment between mother and infants
8
Q
What sample did Schaffer and Emerson use in their stages of attachment?
A
60 babies from working class families in Glasgow
9
Q
What kind of study did Schaffer and Emerson conduct?
A
Longitudinal study: Every month for 12 months, and then again at 18 months
10
Q
How long did Schaffer and Emerson conduct their study for ?
A
Every month for 12 months, and then again at 18 months
11
Q
What were mothers and asked about in their interviews in Schaffer and Emerson’s study?
A
Mothers were interviews about their babies’ behaviors e.g. separation anxiety, reunion behavior, stranger anxiety
12
Q
What are the stages of attachment in Schaffer and Emersons study?
A
Asocial stage, Indiscriminate, Discriminate, Multiple attachments
13
Q
How long is the asocial stage in attachment?
A
0-2 months
14
Q
How long is the indiscriminate stage in attachment?
A
3-6 months
15
Q
How long is the discriminate stage in attachment?
A
7-11 months
16
Q
Multiple attachments?
A
1+
17
Q
In the asocial stage what are characteristics of babies?
A
Treats objects and people similarly
smiles at everyone
18
Q
In the indiscriminate what are characteristics of babies?
A
Preference for human company
Comforted by anybody
No stranger anxiety
19
Q
In the discriminate attachment stage what are the characteristics of babies?
A
Preference for one caregiver
Seeks comfort and protection from in one particular person
20
Q
In the multiple attachments stages, what are the characteristics of babies?
A
Forms secondary attachment
21
Q
What type of study was Schaffer and Emersons?
A
longitudinal study
22
Q
Who studied the role of the father?
A
Grossman
23
Q
What kind of study did Grossman carry out?
A
Grossman carried out a longitudinal study
24
Q
What did Grossman find in his longitudinal study?
A
He found that quality of attachment with mother was related to emotional connection and nurturing.
However, the quality of father’s plays is related to play and stimulations
25
Who proposed that fathers could be primary attachment figures?
Field suggested that if fathers adopted behaviors more typical of mother, they would be able to form primary attachments.
26
What behaviours can fathers imitate ion order to form primary attachments?
Behaviors such as: smiling, imitation, hugging as well as behaviors related interactional synchrony.
27
What did Field say is the key to strong attachments?
Through this Field suggested that the key to strong attachments is the level of responsiveness to the needs of the child.
28
What 2 studies are the in animal studies?
Lorenz's Geese and Marlows Rheusus monkeys
29
What was the procedure of Harlows study?
Harlow separated 16 baby rhesus monkeys from their mother and replace them with 2 surrogate mothers.
30
Describe the 2 surrogate mothers in Harlows study:
- One of the mothers were made entirely of wire.
| - The other was wire but covered completely in a soft cloth and heated with a hot water bottle.
31
What were the 4 conditions in Harlows study?
One where only the wired mother dispense milk
One where only the clothed mother dispensed milk
Both mothers in the cage but only the wired mother dispense milk
Both mothers in the cage but only the towelled mother dispense milk
32
Findings of Harlows study?
The baby monkeys spent most of their time (19-20 hours a day) with the clothed mother and would find ways to feed on the wired mother while still attached to the soft clothed mother.
33
What was found during Harlows study in relation to contact comfort?
It was also found that when frightened the monkeys would seek comfort from the soft clothed mother regardless of whether milk was dispensed or not.
34
What were the effects of Maternally deprived monkeys as they aged?
They were more aggressive
Less maternal and neglected their children
Less skilled at mating
Less sociable
35
What was the procedure of Lorenz's study?
Randomly divides the clutch of goose eggs into 2 groups
Control group: Left to hatch with mother
Experimental group: Hatched in an incubator. Lorenz was the first moving thing they saw
36
What was the findings of Lorenz's study?
Control group: followed mother
Experimental group: followed Lorenz
Experimental group imprinted on Lorenz and
Even after mixing the eggs, they divided themselves back up. From this Lorenz decided on a critical period.
37
How did Lorenz examine sexual imprinting?
By observing the relationship between imprinting and adult male preferences
38
What did Lorenz find in relation to sexual imprinting?
After imprinting on something, this would later lead to courtships behavior being displayed. He called this sexual imprinting.
39
Who said that Harlows research helped social workers understand the severity of maternal deprivation?
Howe said that Harlow research helped social workers understanding the severity of maternal deprivation and its detriment to a child's development
40
What is meant by positive reinforcement?
This is when a certain behaviour produces a positive outcome and so this behaviour is repeated
41
What is meant by negative reinforcement?
This is when a feeling of discomfort is reduced through a certain behaviour and so this behaviour is repeated
42
What are the 5 theories in Bowlby's theory of monotropy?
Social releasers, Adaptive, internal working model, monotropy and critical period
43
Acronym for Bowlby's monotropic theory?
Snapchat Can Make Images Always
44
What does Bowlby's social releasers theory propose?
Babies are born with a set of innate cute behaviors e.g. smiling, gripping onto things which encourage adults to feel love towards their children
45
What does Bowlby's Critical period theory propose?
Attachment must be formed in 2.5 years of a child's birth because this is when a child's attachment system is most active.
46
What does Bowlby's monotropic theory propose?
A child attaches to one caregiver and this attachment is the most important attachment they form.
47
What does Bowlby's adaptive theory propose?
Babies evolved to have an innate drive to form attachments to their caregiver as it gives survival advantage and makes sure the infant stays close to caregiver and vice versa
48
Name an evaluative researcher that supports Bowlby's theory of internal working model:
Hazan and Shaffer's love quiz suggest that internal working model impacts future relationships
49
What kind of study was Ainsworths study?
natural observation
50
What behaviours did Ainsworths observe ?
Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety
Exploration behavior
Reunion behavior
51
how long did each assessment of behaviour last in Ainsworths study?
each assessment of behavior lasted 3 minutes.
52
What is the first behaviour assessed in ainsworths study?
the baby is encouraged to explore - this examines exploration behaviour
53
What is tested after the baby is encouraged to explore in Ainsworths study?
A stranger then enters the room and attempts to interacts with the child – this tests stranger anxiety.
54
What is tested after the 1st time the stranger enters the room and attempts to interact with the baby?
The mother then leaves the room and leaves the baby and the stranger – this further assesses stranger anxiety.
55
How is stranger anxiety further tested after a stranger then enters the room and attempts to interacts with the child
The mother then leaves the room and leaves the baby and the stranger – this further assesses stranger anxiety
56
How is reunion behaviour tested in ainsworths study?
After the mother then leaves the room - leaving the baby and the stranger alone, the mother then returns to the room and the stranger leaves - this assesses Reunion behavior
57
How is reunion behaviour tested in Ainsworths study?
After leaving, the mother then returns to the room and the stranger leaves - this assesses Reunion behavior
58
After the mother and baby are reunited for the 1st time what happens?
The mother then leaves the room, leaving her child alone.
59
When the baby is left alone who returns?
A stranger then returns to the room and attempts to interact with the child.
60
After stranger anxiety is tested for the last time happens?
The mother then returns – this is the 2nd reunion.
61
Where did the researchers observe the children from in Ainsworths study?
Observers were behind a two mirror
62
Who investigated cultural variation?
Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg
63
What was the procedure of Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg study?
Conducted a meta-analysis of 32 studies that were conducted in 8 different countries.
64
How many countries did Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg analyse data from?
8
65
How many studies did Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg collect for their meta-anaylysis?
32
66
What were the findings of Ijzendoorn & Kroonenbergs study?
Secure attachment to most common across all countries
Insecure resistant was the least common
Insecure avoidant was the most common in Germany
67
What did Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg find regarding insecure resistant attachment type?
Insecure resistant was the least common overall – however, Japan and irael had higher levels of this type in comparison to others (these are both collectivist cultures)
68
What type of culture is Japan and Israel?
collectivist
69
How does the cultural variations study suffer from imposed etic?
Because it was made by an American researcher and based on their society's ideas of secure attachments
70
Who suggested that mass media could influence attachment types?
Bowlby
71
What does bowlby's mass media suggestion support?
That the study is reductionist
72
What is deprivation?
This is the loss of an emotional and physical element of care
73
What did Bowlby suggest the critical period was?
Critical period – 2.5 years
74
Name 4 effects of maternal deprivation from Bowlby's study :
```
Low IQ
Affectionless psychopathy
Low social skills1
Aggressiveness
Predisposed to criminal behaviour
Disinhibited attachment
```
75
What was the aim of Bowlby's juvenile thieves study?
Bowlby sought to find a relationship between maternal deprivation and affectionless psychopathy.
76
What did Bowlby feel was necessary for healthy development?
continuous relationships are necessary for healthy physical and psychologically and emotional development
77
What sample of children did Bowlby collect?
44 in control group
| 44 in experimental group
78
What was the procedure of bowlby's MD study?
Bowlby interviewed all of the thieves and their mothers in order to assess behavioral patterns as well as personality types and signs of affectionless psychopathy.
79
What was the difference between the control and expirimental group?
The control group had never stolen before but experimental had
80
What were the findings in Bowlby's control group?
2/44 were maternally deprived
| 0/44 were affection less pyschopaths
81
What were the findings in Bowlby's experimental group?
14/44 were maternally deprived
| 12/44 were affection less psychopaths
82
How can goldfgarb support Bowlby's maternal deprivation?
Goldfarb followed 30 orphans up to age 12 to assess the effects of maternal deprivation due to institutionalization and found that MD resulted in: Low iq, low social skills, deficits dwarfism etc. this supports Bowlby's effects of MD
83
Who studied the effects of institutionalization in children?
Rutter
84
What was the aim of Rutters study?
To investigate the effects of institutionalization in Romanian orphans who spent their early lives in institutions. And to what extent good care could reverse these effects
85
How many Romanian orphans did Rutter study?
165 Romanian orphans
86
What was the procedure of Rutters study?
Rutter followed a group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted by British families. Their physical, cognitive and emotional development were assed at ages 4,6,11 and then 15 yrs. old.
87
What type of study was Rutters study?
Longitudinal
88
What did Rutter find in children adopted after 6 months old?
They were typically: ,Physically small, had disinhibited attachments and low IQ's
89
How many children in Rutters study were adopted before 6 months?
58
90
How many children in Rutters study were adopted between 6 - 24 months?
59
91
How many children in Rutters study were adopted 24+ months?
48
92
What research conducted a similar study to Rutter and found similar results?
Goldfarb – Followed 30 orphans up to age 12 to assess the effects of maternal deprivation due to institutionalization and found that MD resulted in: Low iq, low social skills, deficits dwarfism etc.
93
Who examined the effects of institutionalisiation on later relationships?
Hazan and Shafer
94
How many replies to their newspaper questionnaire did Hazan and Share analyse?
Analyzed 620 replies to a love quiz
95
What 3 sections were there in the love quiz ?
Current/most significant relationship
General experience with love
Assessment of attachment type
96
What were the findings of Hazan and Shafers love quiz?
56% of people were securely attached
25% of people were insecurely-avoidant
19% were resistant
97
What are future relationships with insecurely avoidant attached people like?
struggled with intimacy
98
What are future relationships with securely attached people like?
Good long lasting relationships
