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PSYCH 130 > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

1
Q

Why does temperament appear to be apparent immediately from birth?

A

Amygdala stucture is complete at birth; most rapid rate of development occurs within early postnatal period

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2
Q

What is attachment?

A

a close emotional relationship between two persons, characterized by mutual affection and desire to maintain proximity

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3
Q

True or False:
Attachment is bidirectional.

A

True

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4
Q

What was the design of Harry Harlow’s monkey experiment?

A

one group of monkeys with their mothers
one group of monkeys with “surrogate” cloth mothers
one group of monkeys completely isolated

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5
Q

What did the results of Harry Harlow’s study suggest?

A
  • love is critical for survival
  • healthy social and emotional development is more important than basic needs
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6
Q

Who proposed the attachment theory?

A

John Bowlby

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7
Q

What is the attachment theory?

A

children are predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

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8
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective of the attachment theory?

A

children are born with attachment tendencies, and these behaviors are adaptive because they help protect the child

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9
Q

What is a secure base?

A

an attachment figure’s presence that provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment

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10
Q

What behaviors exhibit a secure base?

A

children feel the freedom to explore their enviornment, but return to their secure base

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11
Q

What are the four phases of attachment behavior?

A
  1. Asocial Phase (0 - 6 weeks)
  2. Indiscriminate Attachments (6 weeks - 6 months)
  3. Specific Attachment (7-9 months)
  4. Multiple Attachments (soon after specific attachment phase)
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12
Q

What is the Asocial Phase?

A

doesn’t care for socializing; no particular preference for social stimuli

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13
Q

What is the Indiscriminate Attachment phase?

A

enjoys all people

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14
Q

What is the Specific Attachment phase?

A

only wants one person; wary of strangers

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15
Q

What is the Multiple Attachments phase?

A

attaches to multiple familiar people (i.e. father, grandparents, siblings)

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16
Q

When does stranger anxiety emerge?

A

around 6-7 months; intensifies over next several months

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17
Q

When does separation anxiety emerge?

A

around 8 months

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18
Q

What was Mary Ainsworth’s “strange situation” study?

A

a series of separation and reunion episodes to which infants are exposed to in order to determine the quality of their attachments

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19
Q

What were the episodes of the “strange situation” study?

A
  1. Experimenter introduces parent and baby to room and leaves
  2. Parent sits while baby plays
  3. Stranger enters, sits, and talks to parent
  4. Parent leaves, stranger offers comfort if baby is upset
  5. Parent returns, greets baby, comforts if needed. Stranger leaves
  6. Parent leaves
  7. Stranger enters and comforts if needed
  8. Parent returns, greets baby, comforts if needed, tries to interest baby in toys
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20
Q

What did each episode of the strange situation observe for?

A
  1. Parent as secure base
  2. Stranger Anxiety
  3. Separation Anxiety
  4. Reunion (Will the baby be comforted by the parent’s return?)
  5. Separation Anxiety
  6. Stranger Anxiety
  7. Reunion
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21
Q

What were the attachment classifications determined by the “strange situation” study?

A
  • secure
  • anxious-resistant
  • anxious-avoidant
  • disorganized
22
Q

What behaviors did babies with secure attachment show in the “strange situation” study?

A
  • child welcomes caregiver and uses caregiver as secure base
  • explores environment and stranger while caregiver is present
  • becomes upset when caregiver is absent
  • warmly greets caregiver upon reunion and is soothed
23
Q

What behaviors did babies with anxious-resistant attachment show in the “strange situation” study?

A
  • separation protest
  • tendency for child to remain near caregiver (not explore) yet resist contact from them
  • resists contact especially upon reunion
  • not soothed by caregiver
24
Q

What behaviors did babies with anxious-avoidant attachment show in the “strange situation” study?

A
  • little protest
  • child largely ignores caregiver
  • can be sociable with other adults
25
Q

What behaviors did babies with disorganized attachment show in the “strange situation” study?

A
  • confused approach to caregiver
  • approaches caregiver then abruptly avoids them
  • highly represented in abused populations
26
Q

What is the primary contributor to attachment style?

A

caregiver sensitivity to child’s needs

27
Q

What characterizes caregiver sensitivity in anxious/resistant children?

A
  • unpredictable in their caregiving
  • sometimes provides for child’s needs, sometimes doesn’t
  • child becomes clingy/angry/helpless as a strategy to maintain the availability of the caregiver
28
Q

What characterizes caregiver sensitivity in anxious/avoidant children?

A
  • insensitive to child’s needs; not frequently met
  • rebuffing attachment behavior
  • child comes to believe that communciation of needs has no influence on the caregiver, and avoids interaction with them
29
Q

What characterizes caregiver sensitivity in disoragnized children?

A
  • physical or sexual abuse histories
  • psychologically disturbed parents
  • parents with substance abuse
30
Q

Is attachment simply measuring differences in children’s temperament?

A

No
attachment style is based on the caregiver meeting the child’s needs; it is not the child’s fault

31
Q

True or False:
Children’s early relationships with parents do not influence the nature of their interactions with others from infancy to adulthood.

A

False

32
Q

What is the mechanism of early attachment and its long-term effect on relationships?

A

internal working models:
* cognitive representations of self and others
* relationships that infants construct from their interactions with their caregiver

33
Q

What is a secure attachment?

A

needs will be known and met, so they are free to express feelings and safely explore the environment

34
Q

What is insecure (anxious-resistant) attachment?

A

needs may or not be met, so they will use behavioral strategies (i.e. anger, clinging, passivity) to attempt to control the interaction

35
Q

What is insecure (anxious-avoidant) attachment?

A

needs are often not met so they will shut down their needs and try to become independent

36
Q

People with secure attachment styles will mostly remember ____ memories, while people with insecure attachment styles will mostly remember ____ memories.

A

good; bad

37
Q

What are the long-term effects of a secure attachment style?

A
  • closer, more harmonious relationships
  • positive peer and romantic relationships
  • higher grades and more involvement in school
38
Q

True or False:
Your attachment style remains consistent throughout your life.

A

False
Your relationship with your caregiver can change

39
Q

What combination of two factors is a better predictor of children’s attachment style?

A
  • early attachment style
  • quality of subsequent parenting
40
Q

What is the difference between precocial parenting and altricial parenting?

A
  • precocial: mother not present at birth
  • altricial: mother present at birth
41
Q

What was the design of Rene Spitz “hospitalism” study?

A
  • one group of children with tuberculosis in hospital care away from family
  • one group of children with tuberculosis treated at home with family
42
Q

What did Spitz’ “hospitalism” study show?

A
  • children treated at home were getting better
  • children treated in hospital care were getting more sick (retarded physical development, disruption of peceptual-motor skills and language)
43
Q

What is the habituated nervous system?

A

When the HPA axis becomes too overactivated, it shuts down

44
Q

Without the presence of caregiver, cortisol response ____.
With the presence of caregiver, cortisol response ____.

A

increases; decreases

45
Q

What kind of studies confirmed that early childhood events affect us later in life?

A

studies involving previously institutionalized youth (PI)

it is known when kids left institutionalized care (adversity)

46
Q
A
47
Q

What are PI?

A

previously institutionalized youth
* internationally adopted children & now living with families

48
Q

Maternal deprivation (not having your mother present in your life) is ____ associated with heightened stress activity

A

positively

49
Q

In comparison to kids who were raised by biological parents, kids who were institutionalized have ____ amygdala volumes

A

larger

50
Q

Time spent in an institution is ____ correlated with amygdala volume

A

positively

PSYCH 130 (15 decks)

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