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PSYCH 130 > Peers > Flashcards

Peers Flashcards

1
Q

What is a peer?

A

one that is of equal standing with another; social equals; operating at similar levels of behavioral complexity

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2
Q

True or False:
A toddler and a 6 year-old are peers.

A

False
Age difference is a big deal at this age; they are not social equals and there is lots of deviation between the two

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3
Q

What kinds of equal status interactions can peers provide?

A
  • feedback and practice in role taking skills
  • growth promoting conflicts of viewpoint
  • practice in compromise
  • emotional security
  • training for later romantic relationships
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4
Q

What is sociability?

A

one’s willingness to engage with others in social interaction and to seek their attention and approval

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5
Q

What is the timeline of sociability within infancy and toddlerhood?

A
  • 6 months: bit of interactions with peers (babbling, toy offering)
  • 1 year: taking turns
  • 18 months: coordinated interactions (i.e. imitation)
  • 2 years: complementary roles (i.e. tag)
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6
Q

What are the three non-social play types?

A
  1. unoccupied
  2. solitary
  3. onlooker
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7
Q

What does unoccupied play look like?

A
  • random, unpurposeful movement
  • may be standing in one spot or observing something in the environment
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8
Q

What does solitary play look like?

A

non-random movements with directed course of action

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9
Q

What does onlooker play look like?

A

observes other kids playing

finding out what it’s like to socialize

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10
Q

What are the three forms of social play within early childhood?

A
  • parallel play
  • associative play
  • cooperative play
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11
Q

What does parallel play look like?

A

child plays independently at the same activity as other children

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12
Q

What does associative play look like?

A

child still focused on a separate activity but acknowledging the others’ actions (i.e. imitation, sharing/lending, helping, taking turns)

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13
Q

What does cooperative play look like?

A

children organize their play and/or activity cooperatively with a common goal; differentiate and assign roles

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14
Q

What is peer acceptance?

A

measure of person’s likability in the eyes of peers

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15
Q

How is peer acceptance measured?

A

ask children who they like/dislike in their class and with whom they want to be friends

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16
Q

What are the five sociometric categories?

A
  1. popular
  2. rejected
  3. neglected
  4. average
  5. controversial
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17
Q

What is the popular peer status?

A

children who are viewed positively by many peers and viewed negatively by few peers

18
Q

What kind of characteristics do children with popular peer status have?

A
  • skilled at initiating interactions with peers and maintaining positive relationships
  • cooperative, friendly, sociable, sensitive to others
  • well regulated, unihibited
  • tend to be less aggressive
19
Q

What is the difference between children who are popular sociometrically and children who are popular as perceived by peers?

A

sociometric: kind
peer-labeled: use relational aggression to hurt others

20
Q

What is the rejected peer status?

A

children who are liked by few peers and disliked by many peers

21
Q

What two kinds of characteristics do children with rejected peer status have?

A
  • aggressive-rejected
  • withdrawn-rejected
22
Q

What characterizes aggressive-rejected children?

A
  • prone to hostile and threatening behavior, physical aggression, disruptive behavior, and delinquency
  • hostile attribution: likely to attribute hostile motives to others in negative social situations
  • aggressive behavior often underlies rejection by peers
  • develop a network of aggressive friends
23
Q

What characterizes withdrawn-rejected children?

A
  • socially withdrawn, wary, timid
  • withdrawn behavior combined with negative actions or emotions
24
Q

Where does internalized low self-esteem and low sociability come from?

A

attachment
–> teaches you your worth

25
Q

What are mediators of long-term effects of peer rejection?

A
  • alliance with deviant peer groups
  • elevated stress (dominance hierarchy shows that people expressing most stress are recognized as targets for aggression)
  • lack of social support from peers or teachers
  • lack of opportunities to develop effective social skills
  • low self esteem
26
Q

What kinds of resources are available to help assist rejected children?

A
  • social skills training
  • changing faulty social perception (i.e. hostile attribution bias)
27
Q

What is the neglected peer status?

A

children who are infrequently mentioned as liked or disliked

appear neglected primarily because they are not noticed

28
Q

What is the controversial peer status?

A

children who are liked by quite a few peers and disliked by quite a few others

29
Q

What kind of characteristics do controversial children show?

A
  • characteristics of both popular and rejected children
  • arrogant and snobbish
  • high intensity, low regulation
30
Q

Over a short period of time:
The status of popular or neglected children ____.
The status of neglected or controversial children ____.

A

remains stable;
changes

31
Q

Over a long period of time:
The sociometric stability of neglected children is generally ____ than for popular, neglected, or controversial children.

A

higher

32
Q

True or False:
The major predictors of popularity change substantially with age.

A

False
They do not change with age

33
Q

True or False:
Although aggression is a predictor of rejection in childhood, overt aggression appears to play a less important role in peer rejection in adolescence

A

True

34
Q

True or False:
Aggressive behavior seems to become a more important predictor of peer rejection with increasing age in childhood

A

False
Withdrawn behavior is a more important predictor with age

35
Q

True or False:
Adolescents spend more time with peers and have emotional distance from parents.

A

True

36
Q

What two brain structures affect adolescents’ cognition and decision making?

A
  • prefrontal cortex
  • ventral striatum (the reward circuit)
37
Q

True or False:
During adolescence, the prefrontal cortex is hypersensitized and the reward circuit is still under construction

A

False
During adolescence, the prefrontal cortex is still under construction and the reward circuit is hypersensitized

38
Q

What is “the perfect storm” of the adolescent brain?

A
  • decreased self control
  • increased sensitivity to pleasure
  • possibility of reward to take risk + willing to take that risk –> more risky behaviors
39
Q

What study showed how being around peers in adolescence influenced decision making?

A
  • teenagers brought in to do driving game where the fastest to finish wins
  • risky behavior = running red light
  • alone: adolescents, young adults, and adults all behaved the same
  • with a peer: adolescents’ risky behavior increased greatly
40
Q

How do peers affect adolescents’ brain activity?

A

friends trigger reward circuitry
* big dopamine activation for adolescents when engaging in risky behavior with peers

41
Q

True or False:
Adolescents and adults engage in similar prefrontal regulatory circuitry.

A

False
Adolescents do not engage in regulatory prefrontal circuitry like adults do

PSYCH 130 (15 decks)

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