Attachment Flashcards

Question

Lorenz- Contradictory research

Answer 1

Guitan found that chickens imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them however with experience they learnt to start mating with other chickens

Answer 2

16 Monkeys seperated from mums immediately after birth Placed in cage with surrogate mums Two groups: one got milk from the wire mother and the other from the cloth mother Both spent more time with the cloth mother. If they were scared they went to the cloth mother and they would explore more when cloth mother present.

Answer 3

Surrogate mum monkeys were: more timid could be aggressive difficulty with mating mothers even killed their own offspring This occured when a monkey was left with a surrogate mum for more than 90 days. For less than 90 days the effects could be reversed if then placed in a normal environment

Answer 4

Contact comfort was more important than food in the formation of a healthy attachment Maternal deprivation leads to emotional damage but the impact may be reversed if an attachment is made before the end of the critical period

Answer 5

Food is the unconditioned stimulus which produces an unconditioned reponse The caregiver is originally the neurtral stimulus who produce no response However because she is continually paired with the unconditioned stimulus she slowly becomes associated with it until she can eventually produce pleasure alone.

Answer 6

Infant is hungry, when fed they feel pleasure and are relieved. This is a primary reinforcer The food is a primary reinforcer as it directly satisfies hunger The caregiver is a secondary reinforcer as she is associated with the primary reinforcement So the attachment occurs because the child seeks food

Answer 7

Attachment is an innate process which serves an important evolutionary function Infants form one main attachment (monotropy) The attachment provides an internal working model (template of expectations for future relationships) Infants need to attach within the critical period (before 2.5yrs) or there'll be lasting negative consequences

Answer 8

Behaviours exhibited by the infant which show distress around strangers and a clear preference for their primary caregiver Ie crying or puppy eyes

Answer 9

Aim: investigate cross cultural variations in attachment Method: conducted a meta analysis of 32 studies of Ainsworth's strange situation from 8 countries Top %'s; B (secure) - Great britain - 75% A (Avoidant) - Germany - 35.3% C Resistant) - Israrel (28.8% and Japan 27.1%)

Answer 10

Said german parents seek independent, non clingy infants who obey them but do not make demands on them, explains the avoidant behaviour

Answer 11

Found japanese children are very rarely left by their mother so the distess they show when she leaves is more due to shock than it is to an insecure attachment

Answer 12

Israeli children are raised in Kibbutz so do not show anxiety when their mother leaves as they are used to separation . However they are not used to strangers so this evokes high anxiety explaining resistant behaviour. Fox tested children using their mum and their Kibbutz nurse and they were similarly attached to both but showed reunion behaviour upon return of their mum

Answer 13

Ethnically sound: It was only analysis of secondary data so no more children had to be put through the traumatic strange situation Applications to psychology/real life: Significantly developed our understanding of child rearing practices in different cultures but also how these can impact on a childs attachment type

Answer 14

Ethnocentre Procedure The strange situation was based on american norms so may only be appropriate on assessing western children. Does not take into account culturally specific elements therefore using it on non western cultures may be imposted etic Not truly representative Used 1 study in china and 18 in the USA - Not proportional and cannot be generalised to the countries at large

Answer 15

If a strong attachment with a mother figure was lost and not replaced within the critical period (2.5 years) it could result in serious and long lasting problems Brief seperations did not have long lasting effects, only if it was for an extended period of time

Answer 16

Abnormally Low IQ Increased risk of emotional disorders ie anxiety and depression Affectionless psychopathy - Inability to experience guilty/strong emotion for others Deliquency

Answer 17

Bowlby described the distress of the infant following short term seperation using this model Protest: Child cries screams and protests angrily when parent leaves aswell as trying to cling onto the parent Despair: Stops protesting and appear calmer but still upset. Refuse others attempts for comfort and seems withdrawn/uninterested Detachment: If seperation continues child will start to engage with others again but reject caregiver on their return and continue to show strong signs of anger

Answer 18

Pet scans on 10 children adopted from romanian orphanages Compared with 17 normal adults and a group of 7 children Assessments showed mild neurocognitive impairment, impulsivity and attention and social deficits Specifically the romanian orphans showed significantly decreased activity in the orbital frontal gyrus, parts of the prefrontal cortex/hippocampus and the amygdala and the brain stem

Answer 19

Children should be adopted or put in foster care as soon as possible - early interventions. Prevents disorganised attachments Better conditions in orphanages/care homes - balanced diet, more stimulation If the orphanage is in a deprived area perhaps charity work is needed (donation of clothes)

Answer 20

According to Bowlby when we form a primary attachment we also make a mental representation of what a relationship is which we then use for all other relationships in the future

Answer 21

Securely attached infants are more inclined to have good quality peer relationships during childhood whilst infants with insecure attachment types are likely to have difficulties with making or maintaining friendships

Answer 22

Attachment type A (avoidant) - Do not give the other much attention, Distant and self absorbed Attachment type B (secure) - Healthy Attachment type C (resistant) - Clingy, jealousy issues

Answer 23

Studied 40 adult women. Those securely attached had best relationships Adults classed as insecure-resistant had problems maintaining relationships Those classed as insecure-avoidant were not very intimate

Answer 24

Aim: were interested in Bowlby's internal working model theory and wanted to see if there was a correlation between infants attachment type and their future romantic relationships Procedure: 2 sections: First one measured their attachment type with a checklist Second was a questionnaire which assessed their beliefs about romantic love Conclusion: There was evidence to support the internal working model having a life long effect However they did conclude that not everyone stayed true to their infant attachment style and it can change as they grow older

Answer 25

Social desirability Deterministic

Answer 26

Classical conditioning: Food is an UCS which produces an UCR at the beginning the caregiver is a neutral stimulus which produces no response However because they are continually paired with the UCS they slowly become the CS and can alone produce pleasure Operant conditioning: Primary drive: Hunger Primary reinforcer: Milk Secondary drive: attachment Secondary reinforcer: Mum

Answer 27

Bowlby puts forward a general theory of how early attachments affect later relationships However these experiences are not universial and negative experiences can have different outcomes on different people Therefore an idiographic approach especially within sensitive topics would be more appropriate