Attachment

Question 1

AO1- caregiver interactions
what is attachment

Answer 1

a two way close emotional bond between two individuals, each individual sees the other as essential for their own security

Question 2

AO1- caregiver interactions
what is care-giver infant interactions

Answer 2

-social interactions babies have with their careres
-two examples include reciprocity and interactional synchrony

Question 3

AO1- caregiver interactions
what is reciprocity in care-giver interactions

Answer 3

-they respond to each other’s signals in a turn-taking style

Question 4

AO1- caregiver interactions
what are alert phases within reciprocity

Answer 4

babies signal when they are ready for interaction

Question 5

AO1- caregiver interactions
what is active involvement within reciprocity

Answer 5

both sides (baby and adult) initiate interactions

Question 6

AO3- caregiver interactions
how does the research of Tronick support reciprocity

Answer 6

found that when mothers stopped reciprocating (still-face) during the interaction, babies became very frustrates and distressed.
suggests that infants expect their actions to be reciprocated

Question 7

AO3- caregiver interactions
how does the research of Brazelton support care-giver interactions

Answer 7

described interaction as a ‘dance’ because each partner responds to the other’s moves.
if mothers froze their faces and ignored their babies’ interactions, the babies became extremely distressed

Question 8

AO1- caregiver interactions (interactional synchrony)
what is interactional synchrony

Answer 8

two people are said to be synchronised when they carry out the same action simultaneously

Question 9

AO1- caregiver interactions (interactional synchrony)
what is temporal coordination

Answer 9

when the caregiver and baby essentially mirror each other

Question 10

AO3- caregiver interactions (interactonal synchrony)
how does the research of Isabella et al support interactional synchrony

Answer 10

observed 30 mothers and their infants and found that higher levels of interactional synchrony were associated with better quality mother-infant attachment

Question 11

AO3- caregiver interactios (interational synchrony)
how does the research of Meltzoff and Moore support interactional synchrony

Answer 11

observed interactional synchrony as young as 2 weeks old
the child’s response was filmeed and they found an association between the expression of the adult and the infant

Question 12

AO3- research into caregiver interactions
strength of research into caregiver infant interactions
GRAVE

Answer 12

R
-make use of controlled observations
-studies like Tronick’s and Brazelton’s take place in artificial lab based settings with high control over extraneous variables and conditions
-increases internal validity within the study and findings gathered

Question 13

AO3- caregiver interactions
how is it hard to know what is happening when observing infants and the purpose of their interactions

Answer 13

-we can only observe and watch behaviours and actions front infants. we are unable to discover whether their actions are deliberate or intenational and the purpose of them.
-due to its descriptive rather than explanatory nature, makes it very difficult for researchers to establish general laws and theories regarding care giver infant interactions and communications

Question 14

AO3- research into caregiver infant interactions
how is demand charcteristics present in research investigating caregiver infant interactions a weakness

Answer 14

-putting babies in an unusual artificial environment might alter their behaviour, meaning their behaviour and communication might not be natural
-this would question the validity of results gathered from these studies as findings might not represent natural behaviour from infants

Question 15

AO3- research into caregiver interactions
how might there be concerns regarding the reliability of observations with research investigating caregiver interactions

Answer 15

-studies on this concept tend to involve several researchers observing the interaction between an infant and their caregiver, this in itself is quite subjective and could result in inconsistent findings gathered from researchers
-due to the potential inconsistency that could occur across researchers this would question the reliability of findings gathered from studies investigating caregiver infant interactions

Question 16

AO1- schaffer and emersons study
outline the study of schaffer and emerson into attachment
DFS

Answer 16

D
- investigated the early developments of attachments
- followed 60 infants from working class area in Glasgow
- infants were observed every month at home until they were 1 year old and then again at 18 months, mothers questioned and asked to keep a diary
- attachment measured through separation anxiety in everyday situations and stranger anxiety measure the infants’ response to unfamiliar adults
F
-identified 4 distinct staged in the development of infant attachment by 18 months few were attached to only one person
-65% of the children first specific attachment was to the mother
-39% the person who usually fed, bathed and changed the children was not their primary attachment figure, many mothers were primary attachment figure despite spending less time with them
S
primary attachment figure of children is normally their mother despite the amount of time spent with them

Question 17

AO3- schaffer and emersons study
evaluate the study of schaffer and emerson
+GRAVE

Answer 17

V
-took place in a natural environment
-high external validity
-natural environment= real life setting
-results more accurate
-true reflection of attachment formation in everyday scenarios and settings

G
-sample consisted of 60 babies from working class families in Glasgow
-lacks generalisability
-sample is niche
-difficult to argue schaffer and emersons stages of attachment and the formation of attachments would work in the same process for children from other nationalities, upbringing and social classes

Question 18

AO3- schaffer and emersons study
how is schaffer and emersons study being longitudinal a strength

Answer 18

-collect more data
-more accurate conclusion, can make clear comparisons from beginning and end
-increases validity
-suggets there is accuracy regarding schaffer and emersons stages of attachment

Question 19

AO3- schaffer and emersons study
how is schaffer and emersons study being subjective to bias a weakness

Answer 19

-demand characteristics may be present
-mothers may change results to make their relationship seem a certain way
-stages of attachment are based on research which has had bias in data collection and flawed methodology, accuracy and validity of their suggestions can be questioned

Question 20

AO1- schaffer and emersons stages of attachment
state the stages of attachment and their time periods

Answer 20

asocial stage 0-8 weeks
indiscriminate attachment stage 2-7 months
specific attachment stage 7-12 months
multiple attachment stage 1 year onwards

Question 21

AO1- schaffer and emersons stages of attachment
what is the asocial stage

Answer 21

0-8 weeks
-preference for familiar individuals
-behaviour between humans and non-human objects quite similar
-recognise specific faces
-happier in presence of humans than when alone
-prefer faces to non-faces
-smile at anyone

Question 22

AO1- schaffer and emersons stages of attachment
what is the indiscriminate attachment stage

Answer 22

2-7 months
-preference for peorple rather than inaminate objects
-recognise and prefer familiar people
–smile more at familiar than unfamiliar faces
-accept confort from any adult

Question 23

AO1- schaffer and emersons role of the father
what is the specific attachment stage

Answer 23

7-12 months
-primary attachment to one particular individual ( the person who shows most sensitive their signals)
-show stranger anxiety
-show seperation anxiety
-use familiar adults as secure base

Question 24

AO1-schaffer and emersons stages of attachment
what is the multiple attachment stage

Answer 24

1 year onward
-form secondary attachments with familiar adults with whom they spend time
(grandparents)

Question 25

AO1- role of the father what are the 3 arguments for the role of the father

Answer 25

-fathers are just as important -fathers are not as important -fathers have a different role to mothers

Question 26

AO1- role of the father how does the research of **schaffer and emerson** show that fathers are not as important

Answer 26

-observed 60 infants -identified 4 distinct stages in development of infant attachment -in 65% of the children their first specific attachment was to their mother

Question 27

AO1- role of the father how does the research of **hardy** show that fathers are not important

Answer 27

-found that fathers are less able than mothers to detect low levels of infant distress, suggesting that males make unsuitable primary attachment figures

Question 28

AO1- role of the father how does the research of **grossman** show that fathers are not as important

Answer 28

-conducted a longitudinal study of 44 families comparing the role of fathers and mothers contribution to their childrens attachment experiences at 6, 10 and 16 years -fathers pla style was closely linked to the fathers own internal working model of attachment -play sensitivity was a better predictory of the child's long term attacment representation than the early measures of the attachment type that the infant had with their father

Question 29

AO1- role of the father how does the research of **Geiger** show that fathers have a different role than mothers

Answer 29

- found that father's play interactions are often more exciting and pleasurable than mothers and they can form secure attachments with children -mothers were more nurturing and affectionate than fathers

Question 30

AO1- role of the father how does the research of **Grossman** show that fathers have a different role to mothers

Answer 30

-carried out a longitudinal study where attachments were studied into their teens -quality of fathers play with babies related to the quality of adolescent attachments -suggets fathers have a different role than mothers and stimulation less to do with emotional development

Question 31

AO1- role of the father how does the research of **Field** show that fathers are as important as mother

Answer 31

-found that fathers can be an emotion focused primary attachment figure -primary caregiver fathers spent more time smiling, imitating and holding infants than secondary caregiver fathers -study shows that fathers can be just as nurturing as mothers and it is the level of responsiveness rather than the parent role which is key to the attachment relationships

Question 32

AO3- role of the father explain how research into the role of the father has practical applications

Answer 32

-arguments within the debate suggest that fathers can stay at work for longer rather than taking extensive periods of time off -for example bowlby suggested that fathers provide an economical function and should therefore keep working -srguments suggesting that they are just as important as mothers suggests that mothers can return to work earlier following a maternity leave period -positive impact on the economy as it is suggesting that both sets of parents can be returning/ staying at work for longer periods following the birth of a new born baby -creates job opportunites (childcare) as someone will need to look after child -parents returning to work helps economy

Question 33

AO3- role of the father how was research investigating the role of the father produced inconsistent findings

Answer 33

-because there are 3 arguments in the debate that are all different to each other -fathers are not as important, fathers are as important, fathers have a different role to mothers -lack of consistency within this debate= difficult/ almost impossible to establish general laws and conclusions regardign the genuine role fathers have in attachment

Question 34

AO3- role of the father how does research investigating the role of the father ignore certain factors

Answer 34

- research assumes all fathers behave in a similar way and does not consider individual differences -certain factors within a family dynamic which can significantly change how a father might interact with their child and family - eg. their degree of sensitivity, attachment type to their own parents or marital status can also have an impact - could be argued that research within this debate is incomplete and should take a holistic view when investigating fathers and their role in attachment

Question 35

AO3- role of the father how is research investigating the role of the father considered as socially sensitive

Answer 35

- psychologists have criticised the research question within this debate, suggesting that there shouldnt even be a question about the role of an individual in attachments - research within this debate is likely to evoke controversy and tension as some studies attempt to illustrate how children might be disadvantaged by certain child-rearing practices, whilts others place blame onto mothers if they decide to return back to work following a period of maternity leave - parents might feel pressurised to raise their child in a particular way, which in process cold negatively influence the upbringing of a child

Question 36

AO1- animal studies of attachment outline the study of Lorenz DFS

Answer 36

D - studies geese in their natural environment -divided a large clutch of goose eggs - half the eggs were hatched with their mother in their natural environment - other half were hatched in an incubator with Lorenz - Lorenx recorded their following behaviour from both sets of geese F - geese which hatched infront of Lorenz followed him throughout life - geese which hatched in front of their mother followed her - when lorenz mixed/ merged the geese together, they would still follow the attachment figure that they first saw after hatching S - primary attachment figure is not reversible - there was a critical period in which imprinting needs to take place

Question 37

AO3- animal studies of attachment evaluate the study of lorenz GRAVE

Answer 37

G - **lacks generalisability** - geese used within study - findings cannot be generalised/ applied to humans A - **applications to understanding human behaviour** - Seebach proposed that computer users demonstrate 'baby-duck syndrome' - individuals form an attachment to the first computer system they used, leading them to reject others - suggets we are psychologically biased by early ecperiences with technology just as animals are with early attachments V - **high ecological validity** - study was conducted in geese's natural environment - real life setting so can be sure geese will act this way outside of the study - **lacks temporal validity** - study was conducted in 1935 can argue that there may be a change in attachment since then - study cannot be generalised to other time periods E - **long term psychological harm caused** - monkeys were separated from their mothers - can restrict mating as animals do not associate with animals that are not similar to what they imprinted on - Lorenz did not fulfil his duty of care as a psychologist

Question 38

AO3- animal studies of attachment how does the research of **Guiton** question Lorenz' findings

Answer 38

- conducted research investigating attachment in chickens - found that if chickens had imprinted on yellow gloves instead of their actual mother, they would initially try to mate with yellow gloves - overtime and with experience, the chickens learnt and preferred to mate with other chickens - questions the validity of Lorenz' findings as it shows that imprinting can infact be reversed

Question 39

AO3- animal studies into attachment how does Lorenz' study provide evidence in the nature vs nurture debate

Answer 39

- baby geese imprinted and attached to the first object they saw in the first hours/ day of life - attachment was formed without food and with little room or experiences with the environment - provides evidence for nature as there was a lack of experiences that could have influenced their behaviour

Question 40

AO3- animal studies into attachment how is Lorenz' study supported by the research of **Regolin and Vallortigara**

Answer 40

- exposed chicks to simple shape combinations that moved in front of them - chicks showed a preference for following certain moving objects - supports the view that animals are born with an innate mechanism to imprint on a moving object present during the critical period as stated by lorenz - increases the validity of Lorenz' study

Question 41

AO1- animal studies of attachment what is maternal deprivation

Answer 41

refers to the consequences of separation between a baby and their primary caregiver

Question 42

AO1- animal studies of attachment outline the study of Harlow DFS

Answer 42

D - seperated 16 baby monkeys from their real mothers, isolated them with two model mothers - one was a wired mother with a bottle attached ( provided food) - another was a clothed mother with no bottle attached ( provided comfort) - harlow observed general behaviour from each monkey in a frightening situation and when allowed to explore in another room F - monkeys spent majority of their time with the clothes mother in comparison to the wired mother - found severe consequences of maternal deprivation : monkeys did not develop normal social behaviour, more agressive and less sociable, were unskilled at mating, neglected their young and attacked their children S - that early attachment figures are vital as it can help provide a template for later relationships

Question 43

AO3- animal studies of attachment evaluate the study of Harlow GRAVE

Answer 43

G - **lacks generalisability** - only monkeys have been used throughout the study - cannot apply findings to humans as monkes have different upbringings and different biological processes - cannot be sure that humans will behave the same R - **easy to replicate** - lab experiment so artificial environment used and standardised procedure - can check for consistency of results V - ** high internal validity** - lab experiment so high control over variables - lack of extraneous variables present - can be certain of the cause x effect - **low ecological validity** - artificial environment used - could be uncertainty of environment that could impact monkey's choices/ behaviour - cannot generalise findings to a real life setting E - **lacks protection from harm** - monkeys were distressed and suffered consequences of maternal deprivation such as antisocial behaviour - Harlow was not fulfilling his duty of care as a psychologist

Question 44

AO1- explanations of attachment (learning theory of attachment) what is the assumption of the learning theory of attachment

Answer 44

emphasises the importance of the attachment figure as a provider of food suggests that children learn to love whoever feeds them

Question 45

AO1- explanations of attachment ( learning theory of attachment) how does classical conditioning incorporate into the learning theory of attachment

Answer 45

- suggets that babies form associations between their caregiver and food before conditioning food ( unconditioned stimulus) ---> happy (unconditioned response) during conditioning food (unconditioned stimulus) + caregiver ( neutral stimulus) ---> happy (unconditioned response) after conditioning caregiver (conditioned stimulus)---> happy (conditioned response)

Question 46

AO1- explanations for attachment (learning theory of attachment) how does operant conditioning incorporate into the learning theory of attachment

Answer 46

-used to explain why babies use social releasers alongside why caregivers attend to them positive reinforcement -baby recieves the positive consequence of food after crying for comfort and atention so they are more likel to repeat this to get attention negative reinforcement - baby crying is an unpleasant experience, the caregiver attends so that the unpleasant experience stops - then more likely to repeat this

Question 47

AO1- learning theory of attachment what are social releasers

Answer 47

signals made by babies used to attract attention from the caregiver eg crying, screaming etc

Question 48

AO3- explanations of attachment (learning theory of attachment) how is the operant conditioning element of the learning theory of attachment questioned by the research of Lorenz

Answer 48

- found that geese imprinted and formed attachments before they were fed and maintained this regardless of who fed them -questions validity of this explanation of attachment - incomplete explanation as does not explain why some individuals do not primarily attach to who fed them

Question 49

AO3- explanations of attachment (learning theory of attachment) how is the fact that conditioning might play a role a strength

Answer 49

- although food may not play a central role in attachment, conditioning does still have a role - eg a baby may associate comfort with the prescence of a particular person rather than food, which in the process will still influence their formation of attachments -learning theory of attachment could still be considered a valid explanation with opportunities for psychologists to investigate other associations bbaies may form with their caregivers

Question 50

AO3- explanations of attachment ( learning theory of attachment) how is the learning theory being an oversimplistic explanation of attachment a weakness

Answer 50

- babies are said to have an extremely passive role in developing attachments, essentially if they are simply fed then they will just attach to that individual - ignores factprs associated with the early formation of attachments such as caregiver infant interactions - learning theory of attachment could be considered oversimplistic whereby it should consider important elements such as their emotional nature

Question 51

AO3- explanations of attachment (learning theory of attachment) how is the learning theory of attachment only considering nurture in the nature vs nurture debate a weakness

Answer 51

-as the operant and classical conditioning elements of the learning theory of attachment focus solely on experiences (nurture) which disregard the fact that our biology may have an effect -learning theory of attachment could be argued to be an incomplete explanation of attachment formation, other influences should also be considered such as our biology or innate needs to attach

Question 52

AO1- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory of attachment) what was the proposal about attachment in bowlby's monotropic theory

Answer 52

suggested that attachment is an innate system, people have an inborn need to form attachments as they provide us with a survival advantage

Question 53

AO1- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) what are the 6 key parts of bowlby's monotropic theory

Answer 53

monotropy social releasers safe base internal working model critical period sensitive period

Question 54

AO1- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) what is monotropy

Answer 54

the concept that infants have an innate drive to attach to one primary caregiver or attachment figure

Question 55

AO1- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) what are social releasers

Answer 55

behaviours that babies are biologically programmed to do, which attract the attention of caregivers

Question 56

AO1- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) what is the meaning of safe base

Answer 56

treating their primary caregiver as a base of security from which they can explore the surrounding environment

Question 57

AO1- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) what is the meaning of internal working model

Answer 57

a mental representation of our relationship with our primary caregiver that becomes a template for future relationships and allows individuals to predict, control and manipulate their environment

Question 58

AO1- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) what is the critical period and what did bowlby suggest about it

Answer 58

a fixed and crucial time during the early development of an organism when it can learn things that are essential to survival bowlby suggested that the critical period is up to 2.5 years, if an attachment isnt formed then an attachment will never occur

Question 59

AO1- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) what is the sensitive period and how long is it

Answer 59

where an attachment can still form, although it takes longer for up to 5 years 6-9 months

Question 60

AO3- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) how does the study of Lorenz support bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 60

-found that when geese were separated from their mother they imprinted and attached to the first object they saw within the first 24 hours of life -suggests that there is an inborn need to form an attachment to a caregiver -monotropic theory states that attachment is innate

Question 61

AO3- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) how does the research of Harlow support bowlbys monotropic theory

Answer 61

-found that monkeys which had experienced maternal deprivation experiences damaging consequences in the future - eg became aggresive and antisocial - shows that internal working model framework is impacted

Question 62

AO3- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) how is bowlbys monotropic theory being socially sensitive a weakness

Answer 62

-places too much emphasis on the role of mother like figures whilst disregarding the role of fathers - eg. if a child potentially goes down a wrong path, mothers will be blamed for this - this theory also suggests that if individuals fail to form an attachment within the critical period, they will inevitably struggle in the future with limited development, something which inappropriately suggests will occur for those in adoption/ foster situations - as a result could completely shape the upbringing and feelings for individuals in these scenarios, eg with parents, could completely alter how they decide to bring up and raise their children in the future which could cause more harm and pressure in the long term

Question 63

AO3- explanations of attachment (bowlby's monotropic theory) how is the critical period within bowlbys monotropic theory questioned by the research of rutter

Answer 63

- suggested that the critical period should instead just be a sensitive period, arguing children are more likely to form successful attachments within this time frame - will not experience inevitable and irreversible consequences if they fail to do so - Rutter found that orphaned children who were adopted after this period were still capable of forming strong attachments to their new adoptive parents and were able to recover and develop later in life - questions the validity of Bowlby's monotropic theory - shows that maternal deprivation is in fact reversible unlike what was stated by bowlby

Question 64

AO1- ainsworths strange situation what is meant by the strange situation

Answer 64

a controlled observation designed to test attaschment security, babies assessed on their response to playing in an unfamilliar room, being left alone with a stranger and with a caregiver

Question 65

AO1- ainsworths strange situation outline ainsworth's research into the strange situation DFS

Answer 65

D -controlled observation, researchers observed and recorded bahviours -5 behaviours: proximity seeking, reunion behaviour, exploration/ secure base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety - procedure: mother and baby alone (exploration/ secure base) stranger enters room, tries to interact with baby ( stranger anxiety) caregiver leaves, stranger attempts to comfort ( stranger anxiety) mother returns, stranger leaves (reunion behaviour) mother leaves baby alone (separation anxiety) stranger returns- attempts to comfort (stranger anxiety) mother comes back, stranger leaves (reunion behaviour) F securely attached (66%)- insecure avoidant (22%) insecure resistany (12%) S shows that there is different types of attachment that infants form with caregivers

Question 66

AO1- ainsworths strange situation what behaviour do those with the securely attached type of atachment show

Answer 66

- explore unfamiliar room - show proximity seekinf -mildly distressed with seperation, soothed with reunion -show moderate stranger anxiety

Question 67

AO1- ainsworths strange situation how do those with insecure avoidant atatchment behave

Answer 67

explore freely do not seek proximity to carer not concerned by absence do not seek comfort very little stranger anxiety

Question 68

AO1- ainsworths strange situation what behaviour do those with insecure resistant attachment show

Answer 68

unwilling to explore show intense distress when separated stay distressed with reunion

Question 69

AO3- ainsworths strange situation how is the strange situation being easy to replicate a strength

Answer 69

-strange situation procedure is standardised -same material, similar toys -able to check for consistency/ reliability -as research is highly operationalised, observers can clearly distinguish specific behaviours -increases inter-rater reliability

Question 70

AO1- ainsworths strange situation how is the strange situation having high predicitive validity a strength

Answer 70

-research has illustrated how findings and suggestions made within the strange situation can accurately reflec and predict how babies will be like in the future -kokkinos found in a sample of 601 greek preadolescents, insecurely attached children reported more involvement in bullying and victimisation, lower levels of emotional warmth, and higher levels of rejection - the strange situation could be argued to accurately reflect and predict what children will be like in the future following assesment of their attachment

Question 71

AO3- ainsworths strange situation how is the strange situation not considering other potential attachment types and behaviours a weakness

Answer 71

- SS suggests and catergorises into three attachment types; insecure- avoidant, secure and insecure resistan -main and cassidy identified a fourth type of attachment; disorganised attachment -infants tend to show confused, indecisive, disoriented behaviour as well as stereotypical signs of distress such as rocking -they interact with strangers and relatives in an extremely similar manner -therefore questions the strange situation -incomplete way of assessing attachment type and should consider other potential attachment types and behaviours that a child might display

Question 72

AO3- ainsworths strange situation how is the strange situation being culturally bound/ biased a weakness

Answer 72

- was delevoped in Britain and USA -culture bound -takahashi investigated attachment types in japan and found that babies displayed extreme levels of separation anxiety -argued that this was not due to high rates of insecure resistant attachment types but more because mother- baby spearation in japan is very rare -ss as a way of assessing attachment may not be valid to use in certain cultures -especially different to individualistic cultures

Question 73

AO1- cultural variations of attachment what are cultural variations

Answer 73

differences in normas and values that exist between people in different groups (cultures)

Question 74

AO1- cultural variations of attachment outline the study of **Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg** DFS

Answer 74

D - conducted a meta-analysis to investigate attachment types across different cultures - studies selected on the basis that they used the strange situation to classify infant attachment types into types A, B and C -32 studies, 8 countries, under 2000 children F -secure attachment was the most comment in every country - similar percentages of avoidant attachment overall, highest in Germany and lowest in japan and israel -resistant was 3rd most common in all countries except japan and israel S -some similarities in patterns of attachment across the world -were still variations in the percentages and variation of attachment within cultures was greater then bettwen cultures -emphasises the role of nurture in attachmetn as everyone within the culture would have different experiences that would affect attachments

Question 75

AO1- cultural variations of attachment outline the study of Simonelli

Answer 75

-researchers assessed 76 babies aged 12 months using the strange situation in italy -found that 50% were secure, 36% were insecure avoidant, 14% insecure resistant -researchers suggested that this was due to increasing numbers of very young children working longer hours and using professional childcare

Question 76

AO1- cultural variations of attachment outline the study of Jin et al

Answer 76

-strange situation used to assess 87 babies in korea -found that overall proportions of insecure vs secure babies were similar to most other ocuntries -distribution in korea was similar to distribution in japan -researchers suggested that this was because japan and korea have similar child rearing-styles

Question 77

AO3- cultural variations of attachment how can the research of Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg be praised for its high generalisability +CA

Answer 77

- use of meta analysis, results combined from a variety of studies (32) taking place across various countries (8) using a wide variety of participants -more likely to generalise findings and suggest attachment types are going to be similar if we look into similar studies CA: -some countries not included in sample (africa/ south america) -some countries were overpresented -must be careful in over generalising results as some countries were more represented than others

Question 78

AO3- cultural variations of attachment how is Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenbergs research considering both nature and nuture a strength

Answer 78

-found that each country had a majority of securely attached babies, showing we have an unborn readiness to securely attach to our primary caregivers -found that there was still variations of attachment across cultures, means that within culture everyone has different experiences that would have an effect -good because findings provide a holistic view on attachment suggesting that attachments could be a result of an innate, inborn drive or due to our cultural experiences

Question 79

AO3- cultural variations of attachment how can the research of Van Ijzendoor and Kroonenberg be an example of imposed ethic

Answer 79

(assuming that findings and methodology from a study in one culture can be applied universally to other cultures) -strange situation procedure was designed and created in the US -could be argued that usage of this in other countries and cultures might not be appropraite or effective, which in turn causes problems for van ijzendoorn and kroonebergs meta analysis -behaviours and assumptions made using strange situation might not have the same meaning across different cultures

Question 80

AO3- cultural variations of attachment how could van ijzendoorn and kroonenbergs research possibly having confounding variables present be a weakness

Answer 80

-studies reviewed all made use of the strange situation procedure, not all studies would have been matched for the exact same methodological features -eg sample characteristics such as social class/ rural maekup or environmental variables such as toys available may have differed between studies and therefore potentially confounded the resuslts -may question the validity of the findings/ conclusions

Question 81

AO1- bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation what is maternal deprivation according to bowlby

Answer 81

emotional and illectual consequences as a result of separation between a child and their mother/ mother like caregiver -suggested that continuous care from a caregiver is essential for healthy psychologival develpment and that prolonged seperation from this adult can result in serious emotional and intellectual consequences which would be irreversible

Question 82

AO1- bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation what is the critical period according to bowlby

Answer 82

a fixed and crucial time during the early development of an organism when it can learn things that are essential to survival from birth to 2.5 years

Question 83

AO1- bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation what is seperation

Answer 83

not being in the presence of the primary attachment figure for a short period of time

Question 84

AO1- bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation what is meant by deprivation

Answer 84

continued seperation which leads to a bond being broken and an element of care take away

Question 85

AO1- bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation what are the two effects of development

Answer 85

**intellectual development** **emotional development**

Question 86

AO1-bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation what is intellectual development

Answer 86

-bowlby believed that delayed intellectual development could result from maternal deprivation, characterised by lower IQ -has been demonstrated in adoption studies, eg. Goldfarb found that lower IQ in children who had remained in institutions are opposed to those who were fostered and therefore had higher standards of emotional care

Question 87

AO1-bowlby's theory of matrernal deprivation what is emotional development

Answer 87

-bowlby believed maternal deprivation could lead to affectionless psychopathy -is an inability to experience guilt or strong emotion towards others -prevents individuals from fulfilling relationships and is also associated with criminality

Question 88

AO3- bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation how is maternal deprivation supported by research (bowlby's 44 juvenile thieves study)

Answer 88

-bowlby investigated the link between affectionless psycopathy and maternal deprivation - 44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing were interviewed for signs of affectionless psychopathy -families were also interviewed in order to establish whether these teenagers had experienced prolonged early separation from their mothers -results indicated that 12/44 thieves ere characterised as affectionless psychopaths and had also experinced prolonged separation -provides evidence to suggest that maternal deprivation could potentially result in emotional consequences -increases validity of theory

Question 89

AO3-bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation how is maternal deprivation supported by the research of harlow

Answer 89

-found that there were consequences of the maternal deprivation monkeys experiences -found that monkeys were antisocial, aggressive and unskilled at mating -also neglected their young and attacked their children -provides evidence to suggest that maternal deprivation does in fact have emotional consequences -increases validity of maternal deprivation as a theory

Question 90

AO3- bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation how is maternal deprivation a socially sensitive theory

Answer 90

-suggested that prolonged separation from the mother in early life could lead to long term emotiona damage -led to criticism of mothers who went back to work, implies mothers are solely rsponsible for a childs emotional wellbeing -does not consider other caregivers and doesnt recognise that they can also form healthy attachments - as a result mothers discouraged from working

Question 91

AO3- bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation how is maternal deprivation questioned by the research of Rutter

Answer 91

-conducted research investigating Romanian Orphanages -followed 165 romanian orphans adopted by british parents to assess the extent to which high quality care could make up for negative experiences at a young age -results indicated that although romanian orphans had extremely negative experiences when younger these children were still able to recover in the future -earlier they were adopted, better the recovery -provides evidence to suggest that maternal deprivation does not have long term consequences -decreases validity

Question 92

AO1- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) what is institutionalisation

Answer 92

the effects of living in an institutional setting wheere people live for long periods of time

Question 93

AO1- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) outline research of Rutter DFS

Answer 93

D -followed a group of 165 romanian orphans over several years who had been adopted in families in the UK -psical, cognitive and emotional development was assessed at different agez -control group= 52 children from UK were adopted at around the same time F -50% of adoptees showed signs of delayed intellectual development -age of 11, adopted children showed differential rates of recovery which was based on their age of adoption -those adopted after they were 6 months old showed signs of a disinhibited attachment type -those adopted before 6 months did not S -suggests that people/ children who were adopted for longer than 6 months took more ime to recover -earlier out of institutionalisation= better the recovery

Question 94

AO1- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) outline the study of Zeanah et al DFS

Answer 94

D -assessed 95 romanian children who had spent most of their lives in institutional care -were compared to a control group of 50 children who had never lived in institution -strange situation was used for each child to assess attachment types and carers were asked questions about social interactions they had witnesses F -found that 74% of the control group were classed as securely attached -19% of the instituational group were classed as securely attached -disinhibited attachment was the case for 44% of institutionalised children compared to less than 20% of the children in the control group S -those that went through institutionalisation struggled to form secure attachments

Question 95

AO1- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) what are the 2 effects of instituationalisation

Answer 95

intellectual impairment disinhibited attachment

Question 96

AO1- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) what is intellectual impairment

Answer 96

-neurodevelopment conditions that affect cognitive functioning eg. lower IQ than avergae, delayed language development, difficulty with everyday tasks

Question 97

AO1- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) what is disinhibited attachment

Answer 97

-a type of insecure attachment where children do not discriminate between people they choose as attachment figures -eg. show over-friendliness and no stranger anxiety

Question 98

AO3- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) how can romanian orphan studies into institutionalisation be praised for having practical applications

Answer 98

-following research from psychologists like rutter and zeanah, children are now adopted before 6 months where possible - so that they can try and form stable long-term attachments sooner rather than later -findings have also led to improvements in conditions of institutional like settings and how children are cared for within them -will have a positive impact on children waiting ot be adopted as by adopting them early it is increasing their chances of forming primary attachments -has positive impact on economy, children develop psychologically healthy and can fulfill career ambitions

Question 99

AO3- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) how are romanian orphan studies investigating institutionalisation praised for a potential lack of extraneous and confounding variables +CA

Answer 99

-when romanian orphanaged were first established, most childen were handed over immediately by parents who were not able to raise them -meaninf there was a little opportunity for them to have any significant experiences beforehand -as a result can be certain that it is the IV affecting the DV -increases validity of theory CA -could be over assuming that institutionalisation and lacking a primary attachment figure result in such negative consequences -there could still be other factors involved such as poor nutrition, lack of education etc -there is difficulty in establishing a clear cause x effect when investigating effects of institutionalisation

Question 100

AO3- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) how can romanian orphan studies into instituitionalisation lack generalisability

Answer 100

-romanian studies consisted of children who lived only in romania who had experiences institutionalisation as well as institutions of poor conditions -makes it hard to generalise these findings on consequences of institutionalisation to children of good institutions and children of other cultures/ countries

Question 101

AO3- romanian orphan studies (institutionalisation) how can romanian orphan studised into institutionalisation be criiticised for providing incomplete explanations regarding the effect of institutionalisation

Answer 101

-research provides us with information regarding the social and intellectual consequences of institutionalisation -we only know these consequences up to age in which the follow ups and research ended -an issue as we cannot use the research to ecplain consequences in adulthood as the research did not include participants of that age range

Question 102

AO1- influence of early attachments on later relationships what are the three ways attachment can affect our later relationships and state the studies

Answer 102

-relationships in childhood **(Myron-wilson and smith)** -relationships in adulthood with romantic partners **(hazen & shaver)** -relationships in adulthood as a parent with our own children **(bailey et al)**

Question 103

AO1- influence of early attachments on later relationships outline research of Myron-wilson & smith -relationships in childhood

Answer 103

-assessed attachment type and bullying involvement using standard questionnaies in 196 children aged 7-11 in london -found that secure children were unlikely to be involved in bullying, insecure avoidant most likely to be victims, insecure resistant most likely to be bullies

Question 104

AO1- influence of early attachments on later relationships outline research of hazen and shaver -relationships in adulthood with romantic partners

Answer 104

-analysed 620 replies to a 'love quiz' printed in a local american newspaper -quiz had 3 sections, first assessed respondents current/ most important relationships, second assessed general love experiences, third assessed attachment type -56% of respondents= securely attached -25%= insecure avoidant -19%= insecure resistant -secure= most likel to have good and longer lasting romantic experiences -avoidant= jealousy and fear of intimacy

Question 105

AO1- influence of early attachments on later relationships outline research of bailey et al -relationships in adulthood as a parent with our own children

Answer 105

-assessed attachment relationships in mothers and their babies -measured the mothers attachment to their own parents in addition to attachment quality of the babies using the strange situation -mothers with poor attachments to their own parents in the past were more likely to have poorly attached babies

Question 106

AO3- influence of early attachments on later relationships how is further research investigating the influence of early attachments on later relationships a strength

Answer 106

-Fearon and Roisman carried out a meta analysis, reviewed various studies investigating the impact of early attachments -found that early attachments consistently predicted later relationships -provides evidence to suggest that early attachments do in fact act as a framework for later relationships -increases validity of findings

Question 107

AO3- influence of early attachments on later relationships how could the findings of the reseatch into influence of early attachments on later relationships be inaccurate

Answer 107

-high chnace of demand characteristics (social desirability) -mothers reportinf their mother-child relationships may report information to try and seem a certain way -data collected may be inaccurate due to loss of memory over the years, may make things up and start lying -as a result findings may be inaccurate -questions validity

Question 108

AO3- influence of early attachments on later relationships how is it difficult to establish a true cause x effect of the influence of early attachments on later relationships

Answer 108

-research is purely correlational -finding relationships and trends between early attachments and later relationships does not necessarily mean that early attachmnts are a true direct cause of later relationships -as a result may question the findings of the theories such as the internal working model -decreases validity

Question 109

AO3- influence of early attachments on later relationships how is there being contradictory research that questions how early attachments can affect later relationships a weakness

Answer 109

-Zimmerman reviewed attachment behaviours with adolsecent attachment to parents -results actually found little to no relationship between the quality of an infants attachment and the quality of their later relationships in life -study suggests that there is no relationship between early attachmets and later relationships -questions validity of theories such as internal working model