attachment Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
what is attachent?
A
2 way mutual emotional bond between caregiver and parent, often views the other individual as an essencial part of their emotional security
2
Q
what is a key interaction between caregiver and infant?
A
so infancy is period of childs life before speech begins. latin word infant means ‘without speech’ ( usually refers to childs first year of life)
- non verbal communication- forms basis of attachment. the more sensitive each is to the others signals, the deeper the relationship
3
Q
define reciprocity
A
research in the 1970 ( eg Jaffe et al 1973) demonstrated that infants coordinated their actions with caregivers in a kind of conversation, almost as if taking turns
brazelton et al stated that its like a ‘couples dance’ and its an important precursor to later communications
4
Q
define interactional synchrony ?
A
when they mimic each others behaviours/ facial expressions. Andrew Meltzoff and Keith Moore (1977) conducted the first systematic study of interactional synchrony. found that infants as young as 2 weeks imitated specific facial and hand gestures. Isabella et al said that the higher level IS the higher quality attachment.
5
Q
briefly explain meltzoff and moores study 1977
A
controlled observation
selected 4 diff stimuli ( 3 diff faces + hand gesture)
to record observations an observer watched videotapes of the infants behaviour in real time, slow mo, frame by frame if neccessary
this vid was then judged by observers who had no clue what the infant had just seen
each observer was asked to note all instances of infant tongue protrusions and head movements.
6
Q
what are the behavioural categories looked out for in metzoff and moores study
A
- mouth opening
- termination of mouth opening
- tongue protrusion
- termination of tongue protrusion
each observer scored the tapes twice so that both intra-observer ( how consistent a single observers measurements are )and inter-observer reliability ( measure of how much agreement there is between observers assesing the same thing) could be calculated . all scores were greater than 92
7
Q
link the metzoff and moore study with IS
A
study was conducted using an adult model who displayed one of 3 facial expressions/ hand movements
a dummy was placed in the infants mouth during the initial display to prevent any response.
following the display the dummy was removed and their expression was recorded . there was an association between infants behaviour and that of adult model.
in a later study meltzoff and moore demonstrated the same synchrony with infants only 3 days old. this rules out the possibilty that this imitation behaviours are learned . so these responses are innate
8
Q
what did the renowned psychologist Jean Piaget 1962 believe about infant imitation
A
she believed trur imitation only occured towards the end of the first year and anything before this was ‘response training’ repeating behaviour that was rewarded ( operant conditioning )
so what infany would be doing was pseudo-imitation
9
Q
what is evidence support of metzoff and moores view by murray and trevarthen 1985
A
murray and trevarthan presented a study where 2 month old infants interacted via a vid monitor with their mum in real time. next part of study = vid monitor played a tape of mother ( image wasnt responding to infant )
- result was of acute distress
infants tried to attract mothers attention , gained no response . shows that infant is actively eliciting a response
10
Q
what is a strenght of metzoff and moores research
A
video recording - reviewed by others so its objecive and you can look back on the info to make sure
11
Q
what is limitation of research into caregiver infant interactions
A
babies - we are unable to understand their emotions, cannot speak
+ infants mouths are always in constant motion, expressions tested can occur frequently ( sticking out tongue, smiling ), difficulty distinguishing
12
Q
what did isabella et al 1989and heimann 1989 say about interactional synchrony
A
more strongly attached infant and caregiver airs showed greater international synchrony
heimann said that infants who demonstrate a lot of imitation from birth onwards have a better quality relationship at 3 months
13
Q
what is the failure to replicate evaluation for melzoff and moores study
A
koepke et al 1983 failed to replicate M and M findings , M and M counterargued that it failed cuz it was less carefully controlled
14
Q
what is a limitation of infant - caregiver interaction studies
A
social sensitivity
puts pressure on mothers that work and negelcts role of the father
15
Q
what is evidence to explain the perhaps insignificance of fathers role
A
macccallum and golombok 2004 found children growing up in single or same sex parent fam didn’t develop differently from those in 2 parent heterosexual families
16
Q
what did field 1978 find about role of the dad
A
conducted research which compared which compared the behaviours of primary caretaker mothers and 2ndary caretaker fathers
face to face interactions were analysed where analysed with vid footage of infants at 4 months old.
found; fathers engaged more in game playing
primary caregiver fathers smiled more and imitative grimances and and imitative vocalisation compared to secondary fathers
17
Q
what did grossman 2002 find
A
conducted longitudinal study of 44 fam comparing role of father & mothers’ contribution to their children’s attachment experiences at 6,10 and 16 years
fathers play style was closely linked to the fathers own internal working model of attachment. . Play sensitivity was a better predictor of the child’s long-term attachment representation than the early measures of the of attachment type that the infant had with their father.
18
Q
explain schaffer and emersons study 1964
A
aim = investigate formation of attachemtns, age of developing attachments , emotional intensity , to whom they developed an attachment to.
19
Q
Describe schaffer and emerson
A
60 from glasgow , working class
31 female, 29 male
naturalistic observation
interviews with CG ( self report ) to gain insight to natural behaviours
observed in own yard
longitudinal study.
studied every month for the first year of bby life and final observation at 18months
20
Q
what were Schaffer and Emerson investigating for
A
seperation anxiety and stranger anxiety ;
1) left alone in cot at night
2) left by alone in their pram outside yard
3) picked up by stranger while playing
21
Q
what were the findings and of S and E ( Schaffer and emerson )
A
1) ages 25-32 weeks= 50% children started to show separation distress for 1 particular caregiver typically mum- specific attachments
2) attachments formed due to quality and responsiveness to baby signals not quality of time
3) by 40 weeks - 80% had specific attachments
50% also displayed multiple attachments with secondary caregiver
22
Q
what did schaffer and emerson conclude
A
infants go through each of the above attachment stages and that infants’ mothers are still the most crucial attachment figures at 18 months of age. Infants had a ‘hierarchy’ of other attachments based on how important each attachment was to the infant.
23
Q
what is a limitation of schaffer and emersons study
A
unreliable.
based on mothers reports of infants
mothers due to social desirability may have exaggerated their responsiveness
this creates systematic bias which would challange the validitiy of the data
24
Q
another limitation of shcaffer and emerson
A
biased sample
working class pop, findings may not apply to other social groups
sample was from 1960- parental care of children has changed
more mums go out to work
nannies
research shows number of dads who choose to stay at home and care for kids has quadroupled over the past 25 yrs ( Cohn et al 2014)
25
what is a difficulty with stage theories
suggest development is inflexible eg single attachments come first .
in some situations and cultures multiple attachments may come first
so stage theories may be problematic if they becoe a standard by which families are judged and led to believe they may be abnromal
26
how do cultural variations effect schaffer and emersons findings
individualistic cultures - independence , primary concern of own needs
collectivist cultures- concern of needs of the group
multiple attachments more common in collecitivist cultures
Sagi et al 1994 compared attachments in infants raised in communal environments ( israeli kibbutzim) with infants raised in family based sleeping arrangments
in kibbutz children spent their time in a community childrns home cared for by a metapelet
27
what did shcaffer and emerson conclude about role of father
fathers less likely to be primary attachments figures than mothers.
may be due to spending less time w kid
Lamb 1997 reported that studies have shown little relationship between father accessability and infant father attachment
28
what are the 2 main effects on development if attachment is disrupted through this critical period
emotional development:
- affectionless psychopathy
no guilt remose emotion towards others, empathy ,problems developing relationships with others
intellectual development;
- delayed
- low iq
- goldfard 1947 found lower IQ in institutionalized children in comparison to fostered children.
29
what other characteristics could be the result of maternal deprivation
delinquiency , depression increased aggresion
30
what does AMCSI mean in regards to bowblys monotropic theory
A- adaptive, its a biological adaptive mechanism, CG gives food safety and confort
M- monotropy - one special bond
C- critical period
S- social releasers ; crying,smiling
I- internal working model- blueprint or template for future relationships
31
what is the aim of Bowblys 44 theives study
aim; this study examined the links ( therefore a correlation study) between affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation
32
what is procedure of bowblys 44 theives study
- 88 kids ( all boys) selected from the psychiatric clinic where bowlby worked .
- 44 were juvenille thieves and had been referred to him due to stealing
- bowbly selected another 44 children as control, they were emotionally disturbed children but have not yet commited any crime
- IQ tested by a psychologist who also assessed childs emotional attitudes
- social worker interviewed parent to recal details of childs early life
33
what were the findings of bowblys 44 thieves
14/44 thieves were affectionless psychopaths
17/44 had maternal deprivation
of the 14 that were affectionless psychopaths, 12 had experienced prolonged seperation in the first 2 years of life
control group- 2/44 had maternal seperation but 0/44 were categorised as affectionless psychopaths
conclusion= prolonged speeration/ deprivation during first 2 years of childs life causes permanent emotional damage such as affectionless psychopathy
positive correlation
34
what is a limitation of bowblys 44 study
findings cannot establush causal relationship as they were correlational.
bowbly was looking at a link ebtween maternal depriv. and affectional psychopathy, he didnt investigate cause and effect
may be 3rd party factors in child showing behavioural issues eg upbringing, friends, financial situation
35
another A03 on bowblys 44 ( limitation)
study uses retrospective self report data
data = gathered thru interviews from kids and parents
self report- self desirability bias
retrospective may not be 100% accurate
reduces the internal validity
+ all boys from bowblys own clinic, lacks generalisability , population validity
36
outline Czech twins case study
Koluchova 1976
Andrei and Vanya twins 1960. mother dead. cared by social angency 1yr, fostered by maternal aunt months
father remarried , new wife= crazy abusive , banishing them to a celler for 5 and half yrs. father= absent from yard due to work + they was broke
age 7= Koluchova twins dwarfed, lacked speech, rickets, didnt understand meaning of pics. doctors said permanent phsyical and mental handicap.
37
explain the Koluchova twins recovery
underwent programme of phsyical remediation, entered skl for special needs, boys then legally adopted by amazing gyal
from state of profound disability they caught up with age peers and achieved emotional and intellectual normality
after Education, went technical school, training as typewriter mechanics, then specialised in electronics
both drafted for national service, married and had kids
38
how is bowblys 44 study socially sensitive
humiliation, socially sensitive, implications on society outside research
this theory should be viewed w causion as suggests any absence from CG= permanent damage
adds blame and guilt to mohters who have to work
39
whats another reason why fathers arent usually the primary caregiver
lack emotional sensitivity that women have
female hormone oestrogen = caring behaviour
+ cultural expectations gender steorotypes , eg thought that being sensitivie to the needs of others is feminine
however Frodi et al showed videotapes of infants crying and found no differences in the phsyiological responses of men and women
40
what did greiger 1996 find
father is exciting playmate whereas mothers are more conventional and tend to read stories to their children
fathers= more playful, physically active and better at providing challanging situations for their children
may be lack of sensitivity from fathers = + positive as it fosters problem solving abilities (White and Woolett)
41
describe the 4 stages outlined by shcaffer and emerson
1) Asocial stage;
0-6 weeks, babies have similar responses to objects and people, however they show preferences for familiar faces( quicker to calm them)
2) Indiscriminate stage;
- 8 weeks-6 months , preference for people and human company, recognise and prefer familiar adults - accept confort , dont show seperation distress , no diff between ppl
3) Specific attachment ;
-7 months +, preference for 1 caregiver , seperation and stranger anxiety , primary attachment figure is preferred for confort , most interaction with the figure who responds most to signals
4) Multiple attachment;
- 10-11 months+ , extend attachment to those who they spend regular time with , secondary attachments form, in shcaffer and emersons study 29% showed secondary attachment 1 month after primary attachment , by 1 year old = multiple attachments
42
what is imprinting
an innate readiness to develop a strong bond with marj. bird follows first moving thing they see
43
who was lorenz and what was his procedure
-ethologist, studying animal behaviour under natural conditions tho his research did involve manipulation.
lorenz 1935- took gosling eggs ÷ into 2 groups . 1= w natural marj. second= hatched in incubator
when incubator eggs hatched Lorenz was the first moving ting they saw , started following him around
to test this effect of imprinting Lorenz marked the 2 groups to distinguish em, + placed em together
44
what were the findings of Lorenz
goslings quickly ÷ them self up , 1st group followed real mum, other followed lorenz.
critical period - 4-25 hours after birf
if animal aint exposed to moving object during ts period animal wont imprint
lorenz observed imprinting to humans didnt occur in some animals , eg curlews will not imprint on humans
45
what were the long lasting effects of lorenz study
= permanant , long term
signs of sexual imprinting
- lorenz noted one of geese who imprinted on him called Martina used to sleep on his bed every night
46
what was harlows research and aim
his aim= investigate whether food/ confort was important for attachment . called his research support 'the origins of Love'
- created 2 wire marj , one was covered w soft, confortable blanket, other was raggedy.
8 rhesus monkeys studied for 165 days.
with presence of milk which surrogate would monkeys prefer?
they preferred confort always even without milk
when scared= clung to cloth covered mother when playing w new objects monkeys kept one foot on cloth covered marj for reassurance
47
what were the long lasting effects of harlows study
socially abnormal
fled or froze when approached by other monkeys
didnt show normal mating behaviour, didnt cradle their own bbys and some even killed their yutes
harlow reprted that even the motherles monkeys who experienced contact confort developed equally as abnormally
like lorenz harlow found there was a critical period
if motherless monkeys spent time w their monkey peers they recovered but only if ts happened before 3 months old
48
what is the research support for imprinting
Guiton 1966 showed leghorn chicks exposed to rubber yello glove while being fed during first few weeks, imprinted pon glove
supports notion that young animals arent born w predisposition to imprint on a specific type of object but on any moving object
-male chicks even tried to mate w glove
49
what is a criticism of imprinting
for bares the view on imprinting= irreversable
now its understood imprinting is more'plastic and forgiving mechanism Hoffman 1996'
Guiton 1966 found he could reverse imprinting , after spending time w their own species they began to form normal mating behaviour
50
what is the A03 of confounding variable in harlows study
2 heads were v different = confounding variable as it varied systematically w IV
perhaps they preffered the cloth covered marj as it looked nicer
lack internal validity
51
what is the A03 on the generalisability of animal studies to humans
extrapolation ; issue of generalising from animals to humans
humans differ to animals - behaviour is governed by conscious decisions
but some studies found animal attached mirrored human one
eg harlows research supported by Schaffer and Emerson that infanst werent most attached to whoever fed em
52
what is the ethical issue w harlows research
lasting emotional harm to monkeys; found difficulty resevesing the consequences
however cost; benefit analysis approach can be used
53
define learning theory
learning theory; when we born we are 'blank slates' name given to group of explanations (classical and operant) which explain behaviour in terms of learning rather than innate biological tendencies
54
explain classical conditioning
investigated by Ivan Pavlov
innate stimulus reponse= food which produces an innate response of pleasure
food is UCS ( unconditoned stimulus ) pleasure = UCR
if neutral stimuli is consistently associated with an UCS it takes on its properties and produces the same response
NS now becomes UCS and produces an CR
so just seeing the person feeding u is causing pleasure
learning theory known as cubhoard love
55
describe operant conditoning
reinforcement ( + or -) makes behaviour more or less likely to occur ( punishment or reward)
investigated by B.F skinner
John Dollard and Neal Miller offered an explanation of attachment based on operant conditioning and drive reduction theory
drive= motivates behaviour
when infant fed = negative reinforcement as ur escaping from sum unpleasant as it the drive is reduced ( discomfort of hunger is reduced )
ts behaviour is more likely to be repeated in future as its rewarding
food becomes a primary reinforcer as it supplies the reward
person who supplies food is associated with avoiding disconfort and becomes secondary reinforcer and a source of reward
56
desrcibe social learning theory
further development of learning theory by Albert Bandura , Dale Hay and Jo Vespo suggested that modelling could be used to explain attachment behaviours ; learning thru observing others behaviour and repeating rewarded behaviours
57
whats a criticism of learning theory
based on animal
behaviourists- human no diff to animal
behavioural patterns are constructed from same basic building blocks of stimulus and response
not all human behaviour can be explained by conditioning
58
strength of learning theory
may explain some aspects of attachment
infants do learn from association ,maybe not from food but from conofrt and care responsiveness
suggetss learning theory ahs some value
58
what is A03 for learning theory about driving reduction theory
drive reduction theory bare popular in 1940s not anymore tho
it can only explain limited number of behaviours
many tings ppl do that have nun to do w reducing confort , infact theres tings ppl do to increase disconfort eg bungee jumping
58
A03 limitation for learning theory
attachment aint based on food
harlo1 1959 has shown that feeding nun to do w attachment
infant rhesus monkeys attached to contact confort
suggests learning theory is oversimplified and ignores important factors
59
whats an alternative explanation of learning theory
bowblys theory explaisn Y attachments form learning theory explains only how they form
learning theory= no explanation of strenghts of attachment n
whereas bowbly = does include strength eg protection from harm, increased chance of survival
60
A03 for role of dad
1) MacCallum and Golombok found children growing up in single or same sex fam do not develop diff from those w both parents
2)understanding that dads can take on PC role will help the econ, if mum has a better job she can work , fam would earn more and pay more tax
61
exlain pavlovs dog experiment and little albery
1) dog experiment- learning thru classical conditoning
food = US
bell= NS
salavating= CR
2) lil alb- watson and raynor associated white fluffy object w fear
show white rat+ loud noise = fear/ crying
conditioned to feel fear when shown rat
62
what is the evolutionary perspective of bowblys theory
based on Darwins theory of evolution ;
attachment important for survivol function; infant who is not attached is less protected; our ancestors wouldve been in danger w out attachment
bowbly argued there would be bare pressure for close attachment between infant and mum back in day
63
what is the critical period
babies have innate drive to form attachment
first 2.5 years of bby life
64
what are social releasers and monotropy
smiling crying shrieking
elicit caregiving
monotropy; infants have one special emotional bond, typically marj;
2 principles of monotropy
- law of continuity ; more constant and predictable the childs care ,m the better quality of their attachment
- law of accumulated; states that the effects of every seperation from mum adds up, therefore the safest dose is 'therefore zero'
65
what is the internal working model
mental representation;/ framework w their relationship with their CG
loving relationship at childhood; will be able to reciprocate that at adulthood , effect their future relationships
if they had shit upbringing; poor relationships at adulthood, they will view it as the norm
66
limitation of the validity of monotropy
may lack validity
schaffer and emerson 1964 found that although babies do attach to one CG first, this didnt stop a significant minority from forming multiple attachments at around the same time
primary attachment isnt necessarily different in quality from other attachments ; they all provide love , confort , safe base, emotional support
perhaps bowbly is wrong when stating that a monotropic is an incredibly unique attachment that can never be formed elsewhere
67
what is support for social releasers
T.Berry Brazelton has shown that baby facial expressions to tend to elicit reactions from caregivers
-observed baby social releasers w adults
-then he instructed the CG to ignore their babies social releasers
-this caused the bb y severe distress , some even curled up and remained motionless
68
who is the feminist concerns on bowblys theory
law of continuity and accumulated seperation puts all the blame on mums who work to provide
feminists like Erica Burman1994 claims that ts is socially sensitive, putting all the blame on mothers for anything that goes wrong
69
what is support A03 for the internal working model
add a counterpoint
Heidi Bailey et al assessed attachment relationships in 99 mothers and their 1 year old babies ; found that mothers with a poor attachment to their primary caregivers were more likely to have poorly attached babies
counterpoint; there are probably other important influences on social development eg genetic differences in anxiety and sociability affects social behaviour in both children and adults
70
A03 alternative explanation for internal working model
temperament hypothesis Kagen 1984 proposes tat an infants innate personality ( temperament ) may explain attachment behaviour
Belsky and Rovine 1987 found infants between 1 and 3days old who had signs of behavioural instability were judged to be more likely to be insecurely attached
71
what were the 8 episodes of aisnworth stranger situation
1. Parent and infant play
2. parent sits while infant plays ( tests use of parent as secure base
3. stranger enters and chats to parent ( stranger anxiety )
4. Parent leaves , infant plays, stranger offers confort if needed ( seperation anxiety
5. Parent returns, greets infant, offers confort if needed and stranger leaves ( reunion behaviour
6. parent leaves. infant alone ( seperation anxiety )
7. Stranger enters and offers confort ( stranger anxiety )
8. Parent returns, greets infant and offers confort ( reunion behaviour again
72
aim of ainsworth strange situation
to observe key attachment behaviours to assess quality of childs attachment to CG
73
procedure of ainsworth strange situation
nove environment 9x9 foot space often marked off into 16 squares to help in recording infant movement
8 episodes
controlled observation
2 way mirror
100 middle class american fam
infants aged 12-18 months
3min episodes
behaviour observed in 15min intervals
74
insecure avoident ( type A)
15% were insecure avoident
-no sign of distress when mum leaves
- infant ight w stranger, plays normally when stranger is present
- shows lil interest when mother returns
-will explore, uses mother as safe base, very independent
75
secure attachment ( type A)
-70%
- moderate distress when mum leaves
- avoident of stranger when alone, friendly when marj present
-positive, happy when mother returns
-will explore, sues mother as safe base
76
insecure resistent ( type c )
-15%
- intense distress when mother leaves
- infant avoids stranger, fears them
- infant approaches mum, then resists her and pushes her away
-difficulty exploring surrounding , explores less than other 2
77
whats a limitation of ainsworth using an overt observation
demand characteristics , mothers knew they were being watched, social desirabiltiy bias= wanted to appear as the best parent , consequently this could have affected the childs behaviour
reduces its validity
78
what is an A03 point brought up by Main and Solomon 1989
Main and Solomon analysed over 200 strange situation videotapes and proposed the insecure disorganised type D
lack of consistent patterns of behaviour
Van Ljezendoorn further supported ts w a meta analysis of nearly 80 studies pon US
62% secure, 15% insecure avoident , 9% insecure resistent and 15% insecure disorganised
suggests ainsworth conclusion was over simplified
79
whats a strength of ainsworth stranger situation
inter observer reliability
ainsworth found almsot perfect agreement when rating explorating behaviour - found .94 agreement between raters ( 1 being perfect)
high reliability
80
a03 limitation; maternal reflective functioning
ainsworth suggestion that secure attachment was linked to matenral sensitivity has been criticised
some studies Rave et al 2001 found low correlations between measures of matenral sensitivity and strength of attachment
Slade et al 2005- found a greater role of maternal reflectiver functioning : ability to understand what someone is thinking and feeling
81
Van ljzendoorn and Kroonenberg 1988 aim and procedure
aim; to investigate whether attachment styles were universal across cultures
procedure; meta analysis of findings of 32 studies of attachment behaviour ( over 2000 stranger situation classification in 8 countries
82
findings of van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg
- with reference to variation between cultures the difference is small
- secure attachment was most common
- insecure avoident was the next most common in every country except israel and japan ( collectivist )
variations within cultures 1.5x greater than variation between cultures.
suggests secure att. is best and optimum for health social and emotional development
82
study support for van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg findings
tronick et al 1992 studied an african tribe , the Efe from Zaire who lived in extended family groups
these infants were looked after and even reastfed by different women but usually thry slept w their own marj at night
despite such differences in childrearing practices at 6 months they still showed 1 primary attachment
82
A03 linking to bowbly theory of attachment
according to bowlbys theory of attachment the reason for universal similarities in how attachments form is cuz its an innate mechanism , unmodified by culture
van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg concluded at least some of cultural similarities is due to mass media ( tv, books) spread ideas on parenting
means cultural similarities may not be due to innate biological influence but due to global culture
82
findings of van ljzendoorn and kroonenberg
- GERMANY = 57% secure, 35% avoident, 8% resistent
- NETHERLANDS= 67% secure, 26% avoident, 7% resistent
- SWEDEN= 74% -secure , 22% avoident, 4% - resistent
- JAPAN= 68%- secure, 5% avoident, 27% - resistent
- ISRAEL= 64%- secure, 7% - avoident, 29% - resistent
-US= 65% secure, 21% avoident, 14% resistent
- CHINA= 50% secure, 25% avoident, 25% resistent
82
a key example about the cultural diff in child rearing
( individulist and collectivist cultures )
-israeli children were raised in Kubbitz ( communal living ) had a metapelet women who cares for the yutes
means they was ok w being seperated from marj
-grossman and grossman 1991 found found higher levels of insecure attachment in germans kids.german culture involves keeping some inter personal distance between parents and yutes, so infants did not engage in proximity seeking behaviour
- Takashi 1990 used the strange situation to study 60 middle class japanese kids and their mum.secure attachment results were similar to that found of ainsworth strange situation, no evidence of insecure avoident , high rates of resistent
bare mad when left alone , so extreme that 4 90% of infants the study was stopped there
83
ao3 on cross cultural research
issue for research conducted in diff countries is the tools that are used
strange situation related to cultural assumptions of designer ( strange situation ainsworth= american ) eg assumed that willingness to explore= secure but this differs in some cultures eg japanese culture dependence rather than independence = secure
term imposed etic
84
strenghth and limitation of cultural variation
strenght= use of strange situation- standardised procedure = high reliability
limitation-confounding variables ( age, socioeconomic status, urbun or rural) , diff countries may have perfomed the strange situation using varied methodology
85
limitation for cultural variations
compared countries and not cultures
within each country= cultural variations
eg Van Ljezendoorn and Sagi 2001 found that attachment in japan varied with tokyo having similar attachment styles to western countries
rural setting= more insecure resistent
86
real world application of bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation
enormous + impact on post war thinking about child rearing
before bowlbys research children were seperated from parents when they was in hospital . visiting discouraged or even forbiddan
James Robertson 1952 filmed a 2 year old girl named Laura during 8 day stay at hospital= bare distress
suggests led to major social change
87
A03 on bowbly theory;
the dichotomy between emotional and phsyical seperation can be argued is blurred in bowblys theory
may be assumed deprivation is only phyical but it can also be mental
eg depressed mum aint physically presentn
Marian radke Yarrow et al studied severly depressed marj and found that 55% of their yutes were insecurey attached
88
A03 on 44 thieves study
evidence poor
other factors eg trauma ,bio disposition, poor after care
89
contextual background on romanain orphan study
romania = increase in orphanages whilst under the communist dictatorship of President Nikolae Caeusescu
economic crisis , gov required a minimum of 5 children in order to increase economic welfare, by boosting population
banning contraceptives and abortion
famalams coudn afford ts
1989= revolution regime disbanned, nikolae executed
over 100 000 began being adopted
90
what was the state of the orphanges
lack of care
poor diet
no cleaning
1 staff - 15 children
intellectual development = no education of mental stimulation
cognitive development= no activities
phsyical development - bone abnormalities / deformities
no guided interactions, no comfy bed or chairs
no toys
91
describe rutters study ( effects of insttutionalisation)
Rutter and Sonuga Barke 2010
led study of group of romanian orphans called ERA ( English and Romanian Adoptees)
165 romanian children who spent their early life in romanian institutions
- 111 of dem adopted before age of 2, 54 adopted before age of 4
- adoptees tested at regular intervals ( age 4,6,11 and 15) to assess physical cognitive and emotional development , info from interview w parent
- progress compared to control group of 52 british children adopted in UK before age of 6 months
92
what were the findings of Rutters research
at time of adoption , romanian orphans lagged behind their british counterparts on all measures of development , smaller weighed less and classified as mentally inferior
age 4 = some have cought up w the english, for almont all romanian infants adopted before 6 months
orphanes adopted after 6 months -= disinhibited attachemnt and problem w peer relationships
suggests long term consequences less severe if given opportunity to form attachments
93
outline Zeanah et alls study
Another study by Zeanah et al. suggested that institutionalisation can cause disorganised attachment as he found that only 19% of Romanian orphans were securely attached and 65% were classified with disorganised attachment using the strange situation.
94
what are the effects of institutionalisation
-disinhibited attachment
-intellectual disability
-physical underdevelopment ( Gardner et al)
95
Limitation of romanian study orphan
not all orphanges have such severe conditions , unique and unusual situational variable = lack of generalisabiltiy
96
real life application of romanian studies
can be applied to improving the lives of children placed in such institutions
changed way children looked after in hospitals
emphasised importance of early adoption
back in day mothers who were gonna give up baby were encouraged to nurse the bby for a significant period of time , ( criticval period and dat)
result has been dat babies r now adopted within first week of birth and reseach shows that adoptive mum and kids are just as securely attached as non adoptive fam ( Singer et al)
97
limitation of romanian orphan study
individual diff
some children aint as strongly affected
rutter suggested ts might be coz some kids recieved special treatment / attention in institution
98
what was Smiths 1998 research into relationships in childhood
assessed attachment type & bullying involvement using questionnaire 196 children aged 7-11 in london
-securely attached= better quality friendships, not likely to involve in bullying
-insecure resistent children are most likely to be bullies
- insecure avoident = most likely to be victims of bullying
99
what did Bailey 2007 find out about relationships in adulthood and parenting
attachment types passed on through generations of fam thru internal working model
investigated 99 mothers and attachment to their yutes assessed thru SSP
-mother & bby assessed, mother and her mum assessed
- majority of women had same classification to their own babies and their own mothers
100
what was hazen and shavers love quiz 1987
to investigate if there is an association between attachment and adult relationships
analysed 620 replies to a love quiz printed in a local US newspaper
3 sections of quiz;
-current or most important relationships
-general love experiences
-attachement type
FINDINGS:
56% secure
25% avoident
19% resistent
101
what was Hazen and Shavers qualitative findings
SECURE;
view most important rl as happy&trusting, support partners regardless of faults
-longer lasting rl. believe romantic love= timeless
-warm rl w parents
AVOIDENT:
-fear of intimacy, emotional highs and lows, jealousy
-unsure of feels, believed romantic love never last, hard to fall in love
-colder rl w parents espech mothers
RESISTENT:
-characterised most important rl w obsession, desire for reciprocation&union,emotional highs and lows lust & jealousy
-believed easy to fall in love but unfading love is hard to find
-colder rl w parents
102
A03 on hazen and shaver
-indicates an association, not cause and effect rl
- rely on retrospective data;memories can be wrong /can forget
-recruited by volunteer sample; lacks population validity . volunteers= more helpful and free ppl
-
103
what was the sample hazen and shaver used
620 responses from their newspaper advertisement. The participants were 205 men and 415 women between the ages of 14 and 82. Of their sample size, 42% were married, and 31% were dating someone.
56% of participants as having secure
19% insecure-resistant
25% of participants were insecure-avoidant
110
what were the stages of attachment investigated by schaffer and emerson
1) Asocial stage = 0-6 weeks .Similar responses to objects & people. Preference for faces/ eyes.
2) Indiscriminate attachments (6 weeks – 6 months)
Preference for human company. Ability to distinguish between people but comforted indiscriminately.
3) Specific (7 months +)
Infants show a preference for one caregiver, displaying separation and stranger anxiety. The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection.
4)Multiple (10/11 months +)
Attachment behaviours are displayed towards several different people eg. siblings, grandparents etc.
