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attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the term reciprocal mean?

A

Two-way or mutual interaction.

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2
Q

What is reciprocity in the context of infant-caregiver interaction?

A

A form of interaction involving mutual responsiveness where both infant and caregiver respond to each other’s signals.

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3
Q

Give an example of reciprocity between an infant and caregiver.

A

Smiling triggers a smile in the caregiver and vice versa.

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4
Q

How do infants signal their desire to interact?

A

By making eye contact and showing alertness.

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5
Q

What influence does reciprocity have on a child’s development?

A

It influences physical, social, and cognitive development, forming the basis for trust or mistrust.

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6
Q

What is interactional synchrony?

A

A sensitively tuned emotional dance where mother and infant mirror each other’s actions and emotions.

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7
Q

How do infants and caregivers engage in interactional synchrony?

A

They coordinate their actions in a rhythmic interaction resembling a conversation.

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8
Q

What factors promote the development of interactional synchrony?

A

Caregiver’s full attention to the baby’s state and playful stimulation.

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9
Q

What did Heimann’s research indicate about imitation in infants?

A

Infants who imitate more from birth have better quality relationships at 3 months.

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10
Q

What is the significance of interactional synchrony in attachment quality?

A

Securely attached mother-infant pairs show more instances of interactional synchrony.

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11
Q

What were the findings of Schaffer and Emerson’s study on attachment?

A

Attachments develop in a sequence: pre-attachment, indiscriminate attachments, discriminate attachments, and multiple attachments.

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12
Q

What is stranger anxiety?

A

The distress shown by an infant when approached by an unfamiliar person.

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13
Q

Define separation anxiety.

A

Distress shown by an infant when separated from their caregiver.

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14
Q

What characterizes the pre-attachment stage of development?

A

Infants are asocial and respond positively to both social and non-social stimuli.

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15
Q

What happens during the indiscriminate attachment stage?

A

Infants enjoy human company and do not show stranger or separation anxiety.

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16
Q

At what age do infants typically show discriminate attachment?

A

From 7 to 9 months.

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17
Q

What is the main attachment figure for most children by 18 months?

A

The mother.

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18
Q

What is sensitive responsiveness?

A

The ability to accurately respond to a baby’s signals in attachment formation.

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19
Q

How does the father’s role differ from the mother’s role in attachment?

A

Fathers typically adopt a playmate role, while mothers are more nurturing and caregiving.

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20
Q

What did Field’s research suggest about fathers as primary caregivers?

A

Fathers adopt behaviors typical of mothers when they take on the primary caregiver role.

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21
Q

True or False: Children develop differently in single or same-sex families compared to two-parent families.

A

False.

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22
Q

What is the impact of cultural factors on the father’s role in attachment?

A

Cultural expectations shape the father’s involvement and responsibilities in child-rearing.

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23
Q

What did Harlow’s study on rhesus monkeys conclude about attachment?

A

Contact comfort is more important than food in forming attachment.

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24
Q

What ethical concerns arose from Harlow’s study?

A

The study has been criticized for being unnecessarily cruel and causing emotional harm to the monkeys.

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25
What is the significance of animal studies in attachment research?
They allow researchers to study attachment mechanisms that cannot be ethically tested on humans.
26
What is the limitation of using animal studies for understanding human attachment?
Cognitive and physiological differences between animals and humans make generalizations difficult.
27
What was the main finding of Harlow's experiment with the cloth mother?
The infant would explore more when the cloth mother was present. ## Footnote Harlow's experiment demonstrated the importance of comfort and emotional care in attachment.
28
What ethical issues were raised regarding Harlow's research?
Harlow’s experiments were seen as unnecessarily cruel and of limited value in understanding deprivation effects on human infants. ## Footnote The monkeys suffered emotional harm from being reared in isolation.
29
What did Harlow's study reveal about monkeys reared in isolation?
They exhibited persistent fear and depression when placed with normal monkeys. ## Footnote This highlighted the long-term effects of emotional deprivation.
30
What is Lorenz's Imprinting Theory?
Goslings follow the first moving object they see during a critical period after hatching, suggesting attachment is innate and genetically programmed. ## Footnote Imprinting occurs without feeding.
31
What did Lorenz find regarding the goslings' behavior towards their mother?
Goslings did not recognize their real mother but followed Lorenz instead. ## Footnote This indicates that imprinting can occur with non-biological figures.
32
How does the learning theory explain attachment formation?
Attachment is learned through classical and operant conditioning. ## Footnote Classical conditioning involves food as a UCS paired with the caregiver.
33
What did Shaffer and Emerson (1964) find regarding attachment formation?
Attachments are formed to responsive individuals rather than just those who provide care, challenging the learning theory. ## Footnote Infants can form attachments to individuals who do not feed them.
34
According to Bowlby's monotropic theory, what is the significance of attachment?
Attachment is crucial for a child's survival and is biologically programmed. ## Footnote It serves as a secure base for exploration.
35
What is the critical period for attachment according to Bowlby?
The sensitive period for attachment development is from 6 to 9 months. ## Footnote Attachment can develop later but becomes more difficult.
36
What is the continuity hypothesis in Bowlby's theory?
The early attachment relationship influences later emotional behavior and relationships. ## Footnote This is linked to the internal working model formed during early attachment.
37
What are the three types of attachment identified in Ainsworth's Strange Situation?
Secure, Insecure Avoidant, Insecure Resistant. ## Footnote Each type is characterized by different behaviors in response to separation and reunion.
38
What behaviors characterize secure attachment?
* Moderate distress when mother leaves * Positive reunion behavior * Uses mother as a safe base to explore. ## Footnote This attachment occurs when the mother meets the emotional needs of the infant.
39
What behaviors characterize insecure avoidant attachment?
* No separation anxiety * Little interest upon reunion * Avoids contact with mother and stranger. ## Footnote This type occurs due to the mother's neglect of the infant's emotional needs.
40
What behaviors characterize insecure resistant attachment?
* Extreme distress when left alone * Clingy and not willing to explore * Inconsistent comfort-seeking behavior. ## Footnote This occurs due to inconsistency in the mother's caregiving.
41
How does observational research in attachment studies benefit from behavioral categories?
It allows for clear focus on specific behaviors, making observations replicable and providing quantitative data for analysis. ## Footnote This enhances the reliability of the research findings.
42
What type of attachment is Johan displaying after being adopted from an orphanage?
Insecure attachment. ## Footnote This is due to lack of emotional care in the orphanage.
43
What type of attachment is Johan displaying?
Insecure attachment ## Footnote Johan's behavior towards strangers and his acceptance of comfort from a man indicate insecure attachment, likely due to his early experiences in an orphanage.
44
What is a limitation of the original attachment study regarding population validity?
The study used American infants from middle-class families, limiting generalizability ## Footnote This means the findings may not apply to children from different cultures or socioeconomic backgrounds.
45
How does cultural context affect attachment behaviors?
Individualist cultures emphasize independence while collectivist cultures prioritize group needs ## Footnote This can lead to different attachment styles, such as more insecure avoidant in individualistic cultures and insecure resistant in collectivist cultures.
46
What method did Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg use in their study?
Meta-analysis of 32 studies across 8 different countries ## Footnote This approach allowed them to calculate average percentages for different attachment styles in each country.
47
What was the most common type of attachment found in Van Ijzendoorn & Kroonenberg's study?
Secure attachment ## Footnote Secure attachment was the most frequently found type across all cultures studied.
48
What is a criticism of the Strange Situation regarding ecological validity?
The controlled lab environment may not reflect real-life attachment behaviors ## Footnote The scripted stages of the procedure are unlikely to occur in everyday situations.
49
What is Bowlby's concept of monotropy?
The need for a child to attach to one main attachment figure ## Footnote This relationship must develop during the critical period before the age of 2.5 years.
50
What are the potential consequences of maternal deprivation according to Bowlby?
Irreversible long-term effects on intellectual, social, and emotional development ## Footnote This includes the risk of developing affectionless psychopathy.
51
What characterizes affectionless psychopathy?
Lack of concern for others, lack of guilt, inability to form meaningful relationships ## Footnote Often associated with criminality and antisocial behavior.
52
What was the aim of Bowlby's 44 Juvenile Thieves study?
To investigate the long-term effects of maternal deprivation ## Footnote This study compared children referred for stealing with a control group referred for emotional problems.
53
What finding supported the maternal deprivation hypothesis in Bowlby's study?
Most affectionless psychopaths had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers ## Footnote Specifically, 12 out of 14 affectionless psychopaths had such separations during the critical period.
54
What is a limitation of the 44 Juvenile Thieves study?
It is correlational and cannot establish cause and effect ## Footnote Other factors, such as reasons for separation and child temperament, may have influenced the results.
55
What is institutionalisation?
Behavior patterns of children raised outside of the family home in institutions ## Footnote This includes orphanages and residential children's homes.
56
What is disinhibited attachment?
Children do not discriminate between attachment figures, seeking comfort from anyone ## Footnote They may show clingy and attention-seeking behavior towards strangers.
57
What were Rutter's findings regarding Romanian orphans at adoption?
Romanian children were behind British children in cognitive development ## Footnote Many children adopted before 6 months caught up by age 4, indicating recovery potential.
58
What is a significant limitation of Rutter's study on Romanian orphans?
Difficult to assess the extent of early privation experienced by the children ## Footnote The study's correlational nature means other variables could have influenced outcomes.
59
What aspect of the Romanian orphanages limits generalizability of Rutter's findings?
The conditions were not typical of institutions where children are usually kept ## Footnote This raises questions about the applicability of the findings to other contexts.
60
What are potential effects of institutionalisation on children?
Poor physical, social, and cognitive development, and disinhibited attachment ## Footnote Children may be under-stimulated, malnourished, and show difficulties in peer relations.
61
What advice should be given to Anca's new parents regarding her potential development?
Expect possible underdevelopment and disinhibited attachment, but attachment formed early may reverse negative effects ## Footnote Early nurturing and stable environments are crucial for recovery.
62
What was the focus of LeMare and Audet's (2006) longitudinal study?
The physical growth and health of 36 Romanian orphans adopted by Canadian families compared to a control group of Canadian children. ## Footnote Data were collected at three time points: 11 months after adoption, at 4.5 years, and at 10.5 years.
63
What is a potential confounding factor in the study by LeMare and Audet?
Children might have been given up for adoption due to disabilities, affecting the outcome. ## Footnote This raises questions about the generalizability of the findings.
64
What practical applications arise from the findings of LeMare and Audet's study?
Children in need of substitute care are placed in institutions temporarily while foster care or adoption is organized. ## Footnote Adoption processes have been made quicker to avoid detrimental effects.
65
According to Bowlby (1969), how do early attachments influence later relationships?
They promote an internal working model of relationships that leads to expectations in later relationships.
66
What is meant by the term 'internal working model' in attachment theory?
A mental representation of what a relationship is, formed during primary attachment.
67
What is the continuity hypothesis in attachment theory?
There will be continuity between early attachment experiences and later relationships.
68
What correlation is expected according to attachment theory?
A positive correlation between the quality of primary attachment and later attachments.
69
Fill in the blank: According to Bowlby’s theory, the child who has a secure attachment style should be more confident in interactions with _______.
friends.
70
What did the Minnesota study (2005) find regarding early attachment and later behavior?
It found continuity between early attachment and later emotional/social behavior.
71
What did Hartup et al. (1993) argue about securely attached children?
They are more popular at nursery and engage more in social interactions.
72
What is the temperament hypothesis in relation to attachment?
An infant’s temperament affects the parent's response and may determine attachment type.
73
What does intergenerational continuity in attachment types imply?
Adults' attachment types influence their children's attachment and parenting styles.
74
What did Bailey (2007) find regarding attachment classification?
The majority of women had the same attachment classification to their babies and their own mothers.
75
What did Harlow’s monkeys demonstrate about attachment?
A link between poor attachment and later difficulties with parenting due to lack of an internal working model.
76
How does early attachment influence adult romantic relationships?
Early attachment styles serve as a template for the quality of later romantic relationships.
77
What did Hazan and Shaver's love quiz experiment reveal about securely attached individuals?
They tended to have happy, lasting relationships.
78
What challenges do insecurely attached individuals face in adult relationships?
They find adult relationships more difficult, tend to divorce, and believe love is rare.
79
What is a criticism of the attachment theory regarding insecurely attached individuals?
It is reductionist, assuming that insecurely attached infants will always have poor-quality adult relationships.

Psychology (11 decks)

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