Attachment

Question 1

define reciprocity

Answer 1

when a baby mimics a mothers movements and facial expressions.

Question 2

what research supports the concept of reciprocity

Answer 2

research demonstrated in the 1970s, Brazelton suggested that the basic rhythm is an important precursor to later communications. Tronick. et al. also developed the concept of “still face”

Question 3

from the age of 1 month, babies start demonstrating what behaviour

Answer 3

increasingly reciprocal interactions between caregiver and baby

Question 4

define interactional synchrony

Answer 4

a type of interactions between parent and child in which partners share a mutual focus, mirror each other’s affect,

Question 5

whats supportive research for interactional synchrony

Answer 5

the Meltzoff and Moore (1977) study where an adult made facial expressions towards the baby and the baby mirrored them .

Question 6

negatives of interactional synchrony M&M study

Answer 6

• no bond to the child
• the face isn’t made at the same time
• took photo afterwards

Question 7

positives of interactional synchrony M&M study

Answer 7

reduces observer bias

Question 8

M&M study showed what?

Answer 8

very young infants will spontaneously imitate facial and hand movements of adults models. same effects were later demonstrated in infants of less than 3 days old

Question 9

name the 4 stages of attachment identified by Schaffer

Answer 9

• pre-attachment stage
• indiscriminate attachment stage
• discriminate attachment stage
• multiple attachment stage

Question 10

whats the age for pre-attachment stage

Answer 10

birth to 3 months

Question 11

whats the age for indiscriminate attachment stage

Answer 11

3 to 7/8 months

Question 12

whats the age for discriminate attachment stage

Answer 12

7/8 months onwards

Question 13

whats the age for multiple attachment stage

Answer 13

9 months onwards

Question 14

define the pre- attachment stage

Answer 14

no attachment to anyone

babies prefer humans to objects

Question 15

define the indiscriminate attachment stage

Answer 15

prefer being with people who aren’t strangers but they don’t care who

Question 16

define the discriminate attachment stage

Answer 16

they form one strong attachment to one particular person - usually the primary caregiver

Question 17

define the multiple attachment stage

Answer 17

form attachments with multiple people

Question 18

what percentage of infants initial attachment is their mother

Answer 18

65%

Question 19

issues with Schaffers attachment stages

Answer 19

unreliable data and biased sample

Question 20

what did Lorenz’s 1935 study show (3 findings)

Answer 20

• goslings will imprint on the first thing they see
• the first 32 hours after hatching is known as the critical period
• sexual imprinting

Question 21

for what reason would a gosling never imprint

Answer 21

if they didn’t imprint in the critical period

Question 22

what process did Lorenz describe as irreversible and when

Answer 22

imprinting 1952

Question 23

aim of Harlows study 1959

Answer 23

to study the behaviour of infant monkeys separated from their mothers at birth to test the effects of separation

Question 24

findings of Harlows study

Answer 24

when frightened all monkeys went to cloth-covered mother (chose comfort over food)

Question 25

what does Harlow's study suggest

Answer 25

infants do not develop an attachment to the person that feeds them but to the person who is offering them comfort contact.

Question 26

long-lasting effects of Harlow's study on monkeys

Answer 26

- developed abnormally - socially abnormal - sexually abnormal (mating and behaviour with babies)

Question 27

what did Harlow state the critical period for the monkeys was

Answer 27

6 months

Question 28

learning theory describes all behaviour as what

Answer 28

innate

Question 29

describe classical conditioning (CC)

Answer 29

learning through association: a neutral stimulus is consistently paired with an unconditioned stimulus so that it eventually takes on the properties of this stimulus and is able to produce a conditioned response

Question 30

describe operant conditioning (OC)

Answer 30

learning through reinforcement: a behaviour becomes more likely because the outcome is reinforced (rewarded) it involves learning depending on the consequences/responses.

Question 31

Bowlby's research was based around...

Answer 31

Lorenz

Question 32

Bowlby was interested in what

Answer 32

- wanted to see if humans imprints | - also, wanted to see if the attachment was innate

Question 33

define innate

Answer 33

Innate behaviours occur naturally and automatically.

Question 34

according to Bowlby what was the critical period

Answer 34

11 months

Question 35

define social releasers

Answer 35

Bowlby suggests that babies are born with a set of innate features which encourages attention from adults

Question 36

Bowlby's theory (1958 1969) is described as monotropic because

Answer 36

the entire theory is based around the concept that babies have one primal attachment usually to the mother, Bowlby believes that this primal attachment is different and more important than all other attachments

Question 37

Bowlby's 2 principles were called what

Answer 37

- the law of continuity | - the law of accumulated separation

Question 38

define the law of continuity

Answer 38

stated that the more constant and predictable a child's care, the better the quality of their attachment

Question 39

define the law of accumulated separation

Answer 39

stated that the effects of every separation from the mother add up and the safest does is, therefore a zero dose

Question 40

Bowlby recognised that the process of attachment was what

Answer 40

reciprocal

Question 41

Bowlby believes that mothers and babies have a what

Answer 41

innate predisposistion to become attached

Question 42

name support for social releasers

Answer 42

Brazelton et al. 1975 carried out an experiment between babies and mothers and reports of interactional synchrony were shown as well as evidence of social releasers triggering interaction

Question 43

define secure attachment

Answer 43

- happy in mothers presence - distressed when the mother leaves - calms on mothers return - wary of stranger

Question 44

what type of attachment is type B

Answer 44

secure attachment

Question 45

define insecure-avoidant attachment

Answer 45

- ignores mother - seems indifferent, treats both mother and stranger the same - easily comforted by a stranger - doesn't require comfort

Question 46

what type of attachment is type A

Answer 46

an insecure-avoidant attachment

Question 47

what percentage of the Britains toddlers are classified as insecure-avoidant

Answer 47

20-25%

Question 48

what percentage of the Britains toddlers are classified as insecure resistant

Answer 48

3%

Question 49

define an insecure resistant attachment

Answer 49

- fussy, difficult - cried when mother returns and leaves - shows anger - resists stranger

Question 50

what type of attachment in type C

Answer 50

insecure resistant attachment

Question 51

who developed the idea of type A, B, C attachment types

Answer 51

Mary Ainsworth

Question 52

what did Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation focussed around (1951)

Answer 52

the idea that the continual presence of nurture from a mother or a. other - substitute is essential for normal psychological development of babies and toddlers emotionally and intellectually.

Question 53

critical period according to Bowlby's maternal deprivation theory

Answer 53

30 months for psychological development

Question 54

what is a negative side affect of maternal deprivation regarding emotional development

Answer 54

risk of the child potentially developing affectionless psychopath tendencies

Question 55

supportive research or Bowlby's maternal deprivation and affectionless psychopathy

Answer 55

Bowlby's 44 juvenile thieves research

Question 56

according to Romanian orphan studies which children showed an intellectual decline

Answer 56

longer times spent in an institution, more time primary attachment wasn't developed and the more affected their IQ was

Question 57

Pasiak 2011 said what regarding interactional synchrony

Answer 57

infants exhibit a high degree of reciprocity and are responsive to each other's cues