Research Methods

Question 1

define repeated measures design

Answer 1

same people are used in both conditions of the experiment and their performances in the different conditions are compared

Question 2

strengths of a repeated measures design

Answer 2

participant variables are eliminated and fewer participants are needed overall

Question 3

limitations of a repeated measures design

Answer 3

order effects and demand characteristics

Question 4

define order effects

Answer 4

where a participants performance in the second condition may have been effected from having already performed in the first condition

Question 5

define demand characteristics

Answer 5

where the participants may guess the aim of the study

Question 6

how can order effects be controlled

Answer 6

counterbalancing

Question 7

define standardisation

Answer 7

all participants are subject to the same conditions, information and experience

Question 8

if control is high then what is low

Answer 8

ecological validity

Question 9

benefits of randomisation

Answer 9

minimises the effects of ev and cv

Question 10

define independent group designs

Answer 10

different people take part in each condition and their performances are compared

Question 11

what is a strength of random allocation

Answer 11

reduces bias

Question 12

what is a strength of an indepndent group design

Answer 12

no order effect

Question 13

what are limitations of a group design

Answer 13

participant variables could confound the results and more participants are needed

Question 14

define participant variables

Answer 14

when you have different people in each condition

Question 15

give an example of a confounding variable

Answer 15

when you have different people in each condition

Question 16

what is a matched pair design

Answer 16

different people take part in each condition but they have matched in ways that matter for the experiment. this means that individual differences won’t have as much as an effect on the results

Question 17

strengths of a matched pair design

Answer 17

participant variable are minimised no order effects and no demand characteristics

Question 18

what are limitations of a matched pair design

Answer 18

finding pairs is time-consuming and participant variables aren’t completely eliminated

Question 19

define a lab experiment

Answer 19

takes place in a very controlled environemnt, helps control external factors is ethical but has less mundane realism and ecological validity

Question 20

define a field experiment

Answer 20

takes place in a natural environment, researchers are often dressed so participants know that there’s something going on (demand characteristics) but they don’t officially know about an experiment (ethical ?) good for mundane realism but less control

Question 21

define a quasi-experiment

Answer 21

participants aren’t randomly allocated, research group where the differences between them already exist (male/female), the setting can be controlled however it lacks ecological validity

Question 22

define a natural experiment

Answer 22

where the researcher takes advantage of a change that is already happening, iv is pre-existing. the setting can be controlled, increased mundane realism and ecological validity.

Question 23

is the IV manipulated in a naturl experiment

Answer 23

no

Question 24

define a random sample

Answer 24

a random sample is one where every member of the target population has an equal chance of being chosen

Question 25

systematic sample

Answer 25

a systematic sample is the one where every nth member of the target population is chosen

Question 26

stratified sample

Answer 26

a stratified sample involves the researcher first identifying the different subgroups of people in the target population and then drawing participants from each of these sub groups

Question 27

define an oppurtunity sample

Answer 27

an opportunity sample consists of people who are available to take part and are accessible to the researcher

Question 28

define a volunteer sample

Answer 28

a volunteer sample involves participants that have opted to be part of the sample

Question 29

what is a pilot study

Answer 29

a smaller scale version of an experiment to see how well it would do before putting time and resources into it

Question 30

what is a self report method

Answer 30

any method where the participant report on their own behaviour

Question 31

examples of self report

Answer 31

questionnaires and interviews

Question 32

2 types of questions within a self report

Answer 32

open and closed

Question 33

define a likert scale

Answer 33

how much you agree or disagree with something (measured in strongly agree- strongly disagree)

Question 34

define a rating scale

Answer 34

measures the strength of a feeling and it identifies a value that represents their strength of feeling

Question 35

define a fixed choice option

Answer 35

multiple choice

Question 36

define content analysis

Answer 36

a systematic method used to quantify the content of any form of media, turns quan into qual

Question 37

what is another type of content analysis

Answer 37

thematic analysis

Question 38

2 types of data are used in content analysis what are they

Answer 38

primary and secondary

Question 39

define primary data

Answer 39

data you collect yourself

Question 40

define secondary data

Answer 40

data someone else has collected that you can still use in your study

Question 41

what is thematic analysis

Answer 41

turns qual data into more refined qual data

Question 42

define a case study

Answer 42

in depth study of an individual, small group ,event or situation

Question 43

list the grid of statistic tests

Answer 43

``` chi-squared chi-squared sign test unrelated test related test Mann Whitney test Wilcoxon test Spearman's rho Pearsons test ```

Question 44

how do you calculate DF for unrelated test

Answer 44

n-2

Question 45

how do you calculate DF for related test

Answer 45

n-1

Question 46

what does n represent

Answer 46

n = number of participants

Question 47

what is the calculation for DF in a chi-squared test

Answer 47

(number of columns-1) x (number of rows - 1)

Question 48

list the 3 types of measurements in statistical testing

Answer 48

nominal ordinal interval

Question 49

define ordinal measurements

Answer 49

subjective form of measurements

Question 50

define nominal measurements

Answer 50

grouped/ categorised, simplistic form of measurement

Question 51

define interval measurements

Answer 51

most accurate form of measurement - regular standardised intervals

Question 52

what number is the desired correlation coefficient

Answer 52

0.8

Question 53

whats continuous data

Answer 53

an infinite amount of possibilities

Question 54

whats discrete data

Answer 54

a finite number of possibilities

Question 55

what is a measure of central tendency

Answer 55

summarises your data and turns data into a representable number- mean median mode

Question 56

mode

Answer 56

most common number

Question 57

mean

Answer 57

all values together and dividing by n

Question 58

median

Answer 58

the middle number

Question 59

define a measure of dispersion

Answer 59

measures the spread of data (how dispersed it is), summarises your spread of data

Question 60

what is an example of a measure of dispersion

Answer 60

the range

Question 61

what is a standard deviation

Answer 61

a measure of dispersion

Question 62

the standard deviation...

Answer 62

is the spread of all data around the mean

Question 63

3 types of validity

Answer 63

ecological population external and internal

Question 64

define external and internal validity

Answer 64

internal - is your information actually truthful | external - all about the application to the research

Question 65

what is a type 1 error

Answer 65

is accepting an experimental hypothesis incorrectly, saying something is happening but not as a result of data its just due to chance

Question 66

what is a type 2 error

Answer 66

accepting a null hypothesis incorrectly, saying something isn't happening when it is

Question 67

what reduces the likelihood of a type 1 error from occuring

Answer 67

reducing the level of significance

Question 68

what reduces the likelihood of a type 2 error from occurring

Answer 68

increasing the level of significance

Question 69

the side effect of reducing level of significance

Answer 69

increases chance of T2 occurring

Question 70

the side effect of increasing the level of significance

Answer 70

increases chance of T1 occurring