Attachment B.3

Question 1

Outline ainsworth’s study

Answer 1

A- to investigate how infants between 9 and 18 months behave under conditions of stress and novelty
P- controlled by an observational methodology ainsworth placed an infant and a mother in a room. Interaction took place and the mother left the room and a stranger entered. Ainsworth observed the seperation and stranger anxiety and the reunion behaviour.
R- Type B, A and C
Type B Secure: securely attached, uses caregiver to explore, shows some distress to strangers, distress during seperation and seeks close bodily contact on reunion.
Type A- insecure avoidant happy to explore independently, little stranger anxiety, little distress on seperation, does not seek proximity on reunion
Type C insecure resistant- explores least out of the three, high stranger anxiety, imediet response to carer leaving, seeks and rejects comfort

Question 2

Describe a securely attached infant

Answer 2

Wont cry when caregiver leaves the room
comfortable with social interaction
Use caregiver as a secure base to explore

Question 3

Describe an insecure avoidant infant

Answer 3

little response to separation and interaction
don’t seek proximity on reunion
happy to explore without caregiver

Question 4

Describe an insecure resistant infant

Answer 4

Low willingnes to explore
high stranger anxiety
imediate response to separation

Question 5

Name the key psychologist for cultural attachment

Answer 5

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Question 6

Outline the procedure of Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenbergs study

Answer 6

Conducted a meta analysis of the findings of 32 studies. The studies examined over 2000 strage situation classifications in 8 countries. They were interested to see whether there would be evidence that intercultural differences did exist and Intra- cultural differences

Question 7

what type of attachment was the most popular in VI and K’s study

Answer 7

secure

Question 8

what type of attachment was second most popular in VI and K’s study

Answer 8

insecure avoidant

Question 9

which country had the highest level of insecure resistant

Answer 9

Germany

Question 10

how do japan and israel differ from other countries in the study

Answer 10

the are collectivist countries therefore they rely on each other

Question 11

evaluate ainsworth strange situation

Answer 11

lacks eco- logical validity because it was not set in the home
lacks population validity because it can not be generalized to eastern cultures

Question 12

what do VI and K conclude about their meta analysis

Answer 12

variation within cultures is larger than between cultures. Secure attachment is the norm across cultures showing it is the best for healthy development, therefore attachment is innate and a biological process.

Question 13

evaluate VI and K’s study

Answer 13

cross-cultural research may mean attachment styles mean different things, in america a secure attachment means the child has willingness to explore but in japan secure would be seeking close contact.

The analysis may of found a 1.5 variation between cultures. BUT the results from different countries means we are analyzing countries not cultures.

Question 14

what were the 3 responses ainsworth measured following the events in the procedure

Answer 14

separation anxiety
reunion behavior
stranger anxiety

Question 15

To conclude ainsworths study, what were the two hypothesis’s proposed to explain the infant attachment styles

Answer 15

maternal sensitivity hypothesis

Infant Temperament hypothesis

Question 16

Describe the Maternal sensitivity hypothesis

Answer 16

Ainsworth argues that a childs attachment style is dependent on the mothers behaviour towards the child. More sensitive mothers are more responsive to childs needs and will produce a securely attached chld
Mothers who dont respond correctly produce insecure attached children

Question 17

How did Kagan describe the temperment hypothesis

Answer 17

A child is born with an innate temperment
‘easy’ temperament children are likely to develop secure attachment
Difficult children are likely to develop insecure resistent

Question 18

A03- evaluate how the strange situation is a controlled observation

Answer 18

It means the high degree of control can control extraneous variables and makes the study easier to replicate consistently similary results.

Question 19

How many countries did VI and K study in their meta analysis

Answer 19

32

Question 20

which attachment type was most common in germany

Answer 20

Insecure avoidant

Question 21

which attachment type was most common in Japan, Isreal and china

Answer 21

Insecure resistant

Question 22

what did VI and K also find about attachment variations other than differences between countries

Answer 22

Attchment styles varied 150% more within cultures than between cultures

Question 23

what are the two supporting psychologists for cultural variations in attachment

Answer 23

Grossman

Kegan

Question 24

what did grossman say about cultural variations

Answer 24

Found that German parents seek independent non clingy children which supports the meta analysis findings because insecure avoidant are the most independent

Question 25

what did Kegan say about cultural variations in attachment

Answer 25

Findings of the strange situation may not be down to attachment style but rather the innate temperment hypothesis. That the child has a natural attachment style and is not influenced by the parenting style. Therefore ainsworth was measuring it all wrong.

Question 26

Give another strength and weakness of cultural variations in attachment other than studies

Answer 26

- Its an ethnocentric approach because it applies american styles to different cultures around the world making it lack cultural validity It has significant application to psychology in understanding attachment styles around the world in different cultures