Memory- STM and LTM

Question 1

What is encoding

Answer 1

The way in which infomation is represented in the memory store

Question 2

What is duration

Answer 2

A measure of how long a memory lasts before it is no longer available

Question 3

What is capacity

Answer 3

A measure of how much infomation can be stored in memory

Question 4

Who invented the multi store model

Answer 4

Atkinson and shiffrin

Question 5

Describe the multi-store model

Answer 5

Environmental stimuli 
Sensory memory 
Attention 
STM 
Maintnence rehearsal
LTM 
retrieval

Question 6

Evaluate the MSM

Answer 6

Maintnence rehearsal doesn’t take into account flash bulb memory

KF contradicts the MSM because model states the store are unitary but his STM damage was only verbal not visual

HM, KF and Clive all support MSM because it shows distinction between STM and LTM

Question 7

Who invented the working memory model?

Answer 7

Baddeley and hitch

Question 8

Describe the central executive

Answer 8

Directs attention to particular tasks

Question 9

Describe the episodic buffer

Answer 9

Is a general store and accounts for things that use both visual and accoustic at the same time

Question 10

Describe the phonological loop

Answer 10

Controls auditory information

Auditory store- holds speech based infomation from 1-2 seconds

Articulatory process- when written words are converted to sub-vocals

Question 11

Describe the Visuo- spatial sketchpad

Answer 11

Processes visual infomation and the relationship between things

Question 12

Evaluate the working memory model

Answer 12

Strength: studies from brain damaged patients show that certain tasks using visual as opposed to verbal showing there’s seperate systems

Question 13

What study supports the capacity of STM

Answer 13

Millers magic number 7+-2

Question 14

Describe the procedure of millers magic number study

Answer 14

He reviewed psychological research and concluded that the span of immediate memory is about seven items, sometimes a bit more, sometimes a bit less

Question 15

Who supported the duration of STM

Answer 15

peterson and Peterson

Question 16

Describe the procedure of Peterson and Peterson study into STM

Answer 16

24 students were tested over 8 trials. They were given a constant syllable and a three didgit number to remember. They were asked to recall after a retention interval which increased.
90% over 3 seconds
20% over 9 seconds
2% over 18 seconds

Question 17

Who studied the duration of LTM

Answer 17

Harry Baharick et al

Question 18

Describe the procedure of Harry Baharick’s LTM duration study

Answer 18

Yearbook face recall
50 photos
48 years declined to 70%

Question 19

Who supported acoustic and semantic encoding

Answer 19

Alan Baddeley

Question 20

Outline the study of Alan Baddeley coding

Answer 20

Used list of words acoustically similar
Used a list of words that were not similar
He found participants had difficulty remembering acoustically similar words in STM but not in LTM, where as it was the opposite for samantic.
This shows STM is encoded acoustically and LTM semantically

Question 21

Evaluate research into the capacity of STM

Answer 21

Individual differences. JACOBS found that a 6 year old could hold 6 words but a 19 year old 8 digits. This may be due to increase in brain capacity or learning of new techniques.
SIMON The size of the chunk matters- those who try to hold larger chunks find it difficult than smaller chunks

Question 22

Evaluate research into the duration of memory

Answer 22

Its artificial, trying to remember syllables may be easier than meaningful information however we do try to remember unmeaningful things such as phone numbers etc

Question 23

What is episodic memory

Answer 23

Personal memories of events that have happened in your life

Question 24

what is semantic memory

Answer 24

Facts and knowledge about the world

Question 25

what is procedural memory

Answer 25

Memory for how to do things

Question 26

'Describe and evaluate types of LTM' | what would you include

Answer 26

Procedural, episodic, semantic Supported by Brain scan techniques for example the episodic memory is associated with hippocampus and this lights up when people think about events in their life. Brain damaged patients such as HM lost episodic and semantic memory showing there are unitary parts

Question 27

What are the 3 explanations for forgetting

Answer 27

Interference (Pro active and retro active) Retrieval failure

Question 28

Outline research into retroactive interference

Answer 28

Muller gave participants list of nuance words to learn for 6 minutes gave a retention interval and asked to record those with a retention interval had bad recall

Question 29

Outline research into proactive interfearance

Answer 29

Carried out by underwood Analysed findings from a number of studies and found d that the longer the list, the less likely recall there was only 20% remembered if they learned over 10 words

Question 30

Evaluate how interference causes forgetting

Answer 30

The studies are lab based and are reductionist to what we try to remember in real life. Participants lack motivation to remember words if they are not meaningful making it invalid

Question 31

What is retrieval failure

Answer 31

The absence of cues

Question 32

State the two types of retrieval cues

Answer 32

context cues and state cues

Question 33

Write two strengths of Long term memory

Answer 33

Results of brain scans. Tulving made ppts carry out LTM activities and certain areas of the brain activated. different brain areas show distinction. HM and Clive wearing. Both hippocampus was dammaged so they didnt have episodic recall.

Question 34

Give a weakness of the types of LTM

Answer 34

Episodic and samantic may not be distinct. In order to create semantic you must form episodic to gain knowledge. Doesnt support distinction between the types

Question 35

what parts of the brain are the types of LTM linked to

Answer 35

Episodic-- hippocampus semantic--temporal lobe procedural-- cerebeum

Question 36

What are the 4 sections of the working memory model

Answer 36

Central executive Episodic buffet Phonological loop Visio-spatial sketch pad

Question 37

Describe the function of the phonological loop

Answer 37

Controls auditory information Sub devided into: Auditory store— holding speech infomation for 1-2 seconds Articulately process— converging written words into sub vocal ie reading a book. Rehearsal takes place here

Question 38

Describe the episodic buffer

Answer 38

Added later to the model for when both visual and acoustic happen together is watching TV

Question 39

Describe the visuo spatial sketch pad

Answer 39

Accounts for procession visual and spatial infomation such as the realisationship between things like walking from home to school

Question 40

Is the working memory model a model or short term or long term memory

Answer 40

Short term