Flashcards in Attachment Keywords Deck (21)
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1
Cultural variations
refers differences in norms and values that exist between people in different groups -differences in the proportion of children of different attachment types
2
Maternal deprivation (Bowlby)
emotional and intellectual consequences of separation between a child and their mother - Bowlby: continuous care from a mother is essential for normal psychological development, prolonged separation = serious damage to emotional and intellectual development
3
Institutionalisation
where children live in hospitals or orphanages for long continuous periods of time - there is often very little emotional care provided
4
Orphan studies
concern children placed in care because their parents cannot look after them - parent either died or abandoned them permanently
5
Childhood relationships
affiliations with other people in childhood e.g. friends, classmates, teachers etc.
6
Insecure-resistant attachment
strong attachment - high levels of stranger and separation anxiety, resistance to be comforted at reunion
7
Insecure-avoidant attachment
weak attachment - low stranger and separation anxiety, little response to reunion and avoidant of caregiver
8
Secure attachment
most desirable attachment (psychologically healthy outcomes) - moderate stranger and separation anxiety, ease of comfort at reunion
9
Strange situation
controlled observation designed to test attachment security - infants assessed on response to playing in an unfamiliar room, left alone/with stranger and reunion with caregiver
10
Critical period
time within which attachment needs to be formed if it is to be formed at all - Bowlby: infants have a sensitive period after which it will be harder to form an attachment
11
Imprinting
phenomenon where bird species that are mobile from birth attach and follow the first moving thing they see after hatching
12
Learning theory
behaviourist approach - emphasise learning in the acquisition of behaviour (classical/operant conditioning)
13
Classical conditioning
learning through association between two stimuli so that you respond to one in the same way as you already respond to the other
14
Operant conditioning
learning whether or not to repeat behaviour depending on consequences (positive/negative reinforcement)
15
Monotropic
indicates 'one' particular attachment is different from all others and is the central of importance to child's development
16
Reciprocity
mother-infant interactions - both respond to each other's signals
17
Interactional synchrony
mother and infant reflect both the actions and emotions of the other and do this in a coordinated way
18
Stages of attachment
some characteristics of the infant's behaviour changes as the infant gets older
19
Multiple attachments
attachment to two or more people - usually after already formed one true attachment to main caregiver
20
Adult relationships
relationships child goes on to have later in life - friendships, working relationships but mostly romantic relationships and with their own children
21
