Attachment P1 Flashcards

Question

What was the conclusion of harlows experiment?

Answer 1

. Contact comfort is more important than monkeys than food in attachment

Answer 2

. Strengths: allowed greater understanding on infant attachment are showed it doesn’t develop as a result of food and showed importance of early relationships for later social development . Strengths: had important practical applications E.G.allow social workers to understand risks of child abuse and neglect to intervene and prevent . Weakness: monkeys suffered greatly due to these procedures and monkeys are a very intelligent species swords of them are great even other animals, however the research is so important that it may have been worth it for the results

Answer 3

. Infant learns to associate primary caregiver with food

Answer 4

. Before: unconditioned stimulus (food) = unconditioned response (happy) . During: neutral stimulus (Mum) plus unconditioned stimulus (food) = unconditioned response (happy) . After: condition stimulus (Mum) = condition response (happy)

Answer 5

. Reinforcement produces attachment e.g. if caregiver gives positive response to crying, crying is positively reinforced, at the same time caregiver receives negative reinforcement as crying stops .both increase liklihood of behaviour being repeated

Answer 6

. Hunger is a primary drive, it’s innote, we are motivated to eat to reduce hunger drive. As caregivers give food, primary driver hunger becomes generalised and attachment is a secondary drive learnt through Association

Answer 7

. Strengths: provides insight into infant attachment and role of the food in this so can help people make attachment with infants . Weakness: infants often form attachment with those who don’t feed them so food can’t be key to attachment . Weakness: criticised by Harlows research . Weakness: criticised by Bowlby’s research

Answer 8

. States that attachment is an evolutionary explanation and is an innate thing that increases our chances of survival

Answer 9

. An attachment for one specific caregiver usually the mother and his more important than any other attachments

Answer 10

. States the mono Tropic bond act as a template for all the relationships and has a powerful effect on future relationships and most importantly affect a child’s later ability to be a parent them selves

Answer 11

. The first two years of life of a critical period for attachment, if attachment doesn’t development it will seriously damage child social and emotional development

Answer 12

. Argues humans develop biological need to attach . Done to increase survival chances . Infant show innate behaviours called social releases that bring out care from adults

Answer 13

. S internal working model supported by Bailey at all (2007) which assessed attachment of 99 mothers to babies and their own mothers, found majority had same attachment type to both . W critical period not supported by evidence, psychologist suggest sensitive period wear attachment more likely but could be found at other times and children can form attachments after critical period . Counterargument – Lauren supports idea of critical period were imprinting hard to happen in first hours or not at all . W multiple attachments form rather than one monotropic bond however could be argued that monotropic bond is the stronger bond

Answer 14

. Develop by Mary Ainsworth to study attachment behaviours . Took place in unfamiliar room with a view was observed covertly . Infants age between 12 and 18 months made up of 100 Americans . Judged on seven different episodes involving different variables including proximity seeking, exploration, separation anxiety, stranger anxiety, reunion response . 25% insecure avoidant, 65% secure, 10% insecure resistant

Answer 15

. Insecure avoidant-exploration, child does not seek contact from mother, separation anxiety: child is unconcerned without mother, stranger anxiety: child is not distressed or wary of stranger, reunion behaviour: a child ignores mother on return .Secure-exploration: mother seenas secure base, separation anxiety: trial cries after mother leaves, stranger anxiety child is wary of stranger, reunion behaviour: child seats contact for mother and is easy to comfort . Insecure resistant-exploration: child is wary of mother doesn’t explore, separation anxiety: child intensely distressed without mother, stranger anxiety: child very distressed of stranger, reunion behaviour: child is ambivalent towards mother

Answer 16

. S reliable-takes place in lab condition so it’s easy to control . S uses behavioural categories so easy to observe, Bich (2012) looked at in a inter-rather-reliability and found agreement on attachment type in 94% of babies . W lacks ecological validity done in an unfamiliar environment which limits its applicability to real life . W culturally biased study only on American babies so doesn’t account for all the rearing practices in other cultures

Answer 17

. Conducted meta analysis of 32 studies using strange situation across different cultures . Studies from eight countries with total sample of 1990 infants . Found wide variation between attachment types in different cultures . Secure attachment always the most common however highest in Britain with 75% to 50% in China . Insecure resistant was overall least common 3% in Britain to around 30% in Israel . Insecure avoidant was most common in Germany and we is common in Japan . Also massive variation between results within the same country with up to 150% greater than those between countries

Answer 18

. Conducted study in Italy to see whether proportion of babies of diff attach,ent types still matches those previously found . Assess 76 12 months old using strange situation . Find 50% secure 36% insecure avoidant which is lower rate of secure than in many studies . Suggested because increasing numbers of mothers of very young children work long hours and use professional childcare

Answer 19

. S large sample 1990 used in sample so reduces impact of poor methodology and makes more generalisable . S indigenous researchers so many problems in cross-cultural research avoided such as misunderstanding so they are more valid . W limited number of studies in some countries E.G.only one in China where is 18 in USA so maybe unable to fully generalise . W imposes test design for one culture on another which is an example of imposed etic

Answer 20

. Caused by prolonged separation from attachment figure during the critical period which results in long-term negative consequences include effects on intellectual development and effects on emotional development . Manifests as cognitive delays low IQ and affection less psychopathy

Answer 21

. Aim to examine the links between affectionless psychopathic and maternal deprivation . Sample consist of a 44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing . Interviewed thieves for signs of affection of psychopathic and families interviewed to establish whether feed suffered a long early separation from mothers . Control group of 44 noncriminal emotionally disturbed teens with set up social how often maternal deprivation occurred in children who are not delinquent . 17 out of 44 had experienced prolonged separation from attachment figure in first 5 years, 15/17 of these where classed as affectionless psychopaths . In the control 2 out of 44 had suffered maternal deprivation of zero affectionless psychopaths . Concluded that prolonged separation from attachment figures caused affectionless psychopath

Answer 22

. S supporting evidence hallow can be used because monkey suffered maternal deprivation and were abusive to their offspring and were also less sociable showing detrimental effects on development . W contradictory evidence cross-cultural research contradicts maternal deprivation, Guatemalan Indians found the children experience deprivation due to being kept in a windowless hut with little contact with their primary caregiver but didn’t experience impairment . W sensitive rather than critical effects of deprivation can be reversed so period may be a sensitive one but cannot be critical . W deprivation or privation deprivation means attachment already formed and then lost where is privation is failure to form any which reduces validity as study may not actually study what it claims to

Answer 23

. Came to investigate a good care could make up the poor early experiences in institutions . Followed group of 165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain . Cognitive physical and emotional development assessed for six 1115 . Control of 52 British children adopted at same time . Found on initial arrival in UK adopters were behind on all three measures and at age 11 recovery depending on child’s age adoption . Those adopted after six months showed disinhibited attachment . Adopted before six months with me like he was 102 between six months into years is 86 in after two years of 77

Answer 24

. Zeanah et al (2005) assessed 95 children age 12 to 31 months who has spent 90% of lives in Romanian orphanages . Compare to the control group of 50 children never in institution . You strange situation to measure attachment site and ask her give us to describe unusual behaviours . Find 75% of control group identified as securely attached compared to only 19% of institutionalise group . 65% had disinhibited attachment type

Answer 25

. One child shows equal affection to strangers as people they know well, attention seeking and clingy

Answer 26

. S Real life applications care homes and children’s homes now avoid having large numbers of caregivers to ensure each child is assigned a key worker . S fewer extraneous variables all the children suffer in the same way so not as many confounding variables given higher internal validity . W Romanian orphanages had such bad conditions that it can’t be applied to the children in all the types of institutional care limits applicability . W lack of adult data only studied at the age of 15 so long-term affects unknown

Answer 27

. Insecure avoidant-somewhat uncomfortable with proximity to others nervous when people get too close not intimate with romantic partners . Secure-relatively easy to get close to others and comfortable depending on them . Insecure resistant-others reluctant to get as close as liked very clingy and anxious and insecure

Answer 28

. Found 3 to 5-year-old securely attached children more self-confident and more sociable with other children so more likely to form close friendships

Answer 29

. Bullying using questionnaires, 196 children ages 7 to 11 from London . Secure children unlikely to be involved bullying, insecure avoidant more likely to be victims, insecure resistant more likely to be bullies

Answer 30

. Securely attached babies tend to form best quality childhood friendships where is insecure babies had friendship difficulties

Answer 31

. Aims to find if attachment type in infancy it affects romantic relationships in future . Analyse 620 replies to love quiz in American newspaper with three sections assessment of current almost significant relationship, assessment of love life, assessment of attachment type . Found secure it was 56%, and happy friendly and trusting relationships the average on 10 years . Avoidant 25%, jealousy environment and say uncomfortable depending on others average life of six years . Resistant 19% obsessive in romantic relationships desires for intense closeness, five years on average

Answer 32

. W link decreases with age attachment type can change overtime due to participation in multiple relationships which alter internal working model . W methodological issues often based on self-report measures which retrospective saw allow memory which can be unreliable and social desirability basis can also affect results . W free will versus determinism set in stone the children with poor early relationships always a poor relationship switch is unfair

Attachment P1 Flashcards

(56 cards)