attachments Flashcards
animal studies: Lorenz A01
investigated imprinting in geese, half of the eggs in a batch were hatched by Lorenz and an incubator and the other half were hatched by the goose mother as normal. once hatched the half followed Lorenz, half followed mother, critical period of 2 days otherwise geese wouldn’t imprint at all
animal studies Lorenz A03:
X animal studies- generalisability to humans
- did the experiment with yellow gloves found the same results X this imprinting could be reversed
- helped Bowlby develop idea of critical period
animal studies Harlow AO1:
harlow had 8/16 monkeys who were in an experiment where they had 2 wire mothers, one with a cloth to provide comfort the other with a feeding bottle to provide food, monkeys spent 22/24 hrs with comfort mother only to leave for feeding time.
animal studies Harlow AO3:
X- ethics monkeys developed sm problems even in later life struggled to live in their normal habitat and mate, they were intentionally orphaned, -COST benefit analysis- his theory helped make sure first few hrs of birth baby was with mother and helped social workers investigating effects of neglect
X- generalisability to humans
Learning theory A01:
Classical conditioning: babies associate NS- mother with UCS- food and thru association becomes a CS and gets pleasure
Operant: positively reinforced by getting food by crying
parents negatively reinforced babies stop crying when given food
Learning theory A03
X- environmentally reductionist- attempts to explain complex infant caregiver interactions with simplistic processes
X- Harlows monkeys didn’t go to the food mother that much
bowlbys monotropic Theory A01
infant forms 1 attachment (monotropic)normally to mother and this acts as a schema for future relationships (IWM), critical period of 2 years otherwise longterm social consequences. longer periods of separations = weaker attachment. babies have social releasers like crying to get attention from caregiver
bowlbys monotropic Theory A03
X deterministic- IWM may feel kids are doomed to form healthy relationships when older
X Alpha bias- places role heavy on mother, working mother and single sex couples may feel to blame
- Lorenz and harlow show support for critical period Lorenz against monotropy
Ainsworth SS A01:
certain behaviours indicate attachment strength- separation/stranger anxiety, reunion behaviours, proximity to mother
A) insecure avoidant; avoidant to mother, low stranger and separation anxiety, won’t get comfort from returning mother.
B) secure: moderate separation/ stranger anxiety, happy reunion behaviour
C) insecure resistant: high stranger/ separation anxiety , rejects returning mother
Ainsworth SS A03:
- highly controlled, highly scientific standardised approach
X- cultural bias- secure good in western not good in non western
X- lacks ecological validity
X- unethical for kids- removing them from their mothers and putting them with strangers
van izjendorn’s cultural variations A01:
meta analysis over 2000 infants from 8 different countries and looked at attachment types, most common was secure, Germany had most insecure avoidant, Japan most insecure resistant this was all due to different parenting styles- Germany appreciates independent children
van izjendorn’s cultural variations A03
X- lacks temporal validity, newer studies have found shifts in most common attachment types
- meta analysis large sample high validity less affected by anomalies
X- imposed etic- generalising observations from one country to another
X- could be measuring diff countries rather than cultures in a country- lots of diff cultures in 1 country might not be representative of all
rutters romanian orphans A01:
165 romanian orphans 11 before 2 years, 54 after 2 years
children assessed at ages 4,6,11,15 control group of 52 UK children before 6 months
adopted before 6 months: Romanian orphans were smaller than British orphans and lower iq but caught up fast
adopted after 6 months: disinhibited attachment
age 11 after 6 months: low iq, quasi autism
SUGGESTS adoption before 6 months avoids privation
rutters romanian orphans A03:
X- individual differences influences care received- shy kids may receive less attention
- real life application- changed adoption policies worldwide
X- ethics “playing god’ infants not randomly assigned picked and chosen more desirable kids chosen could’ve been cuter etc.
-goldfarb- earlier fostering in British kids led to higher iq
X- RO were so extreme cases difficult difficult to generalise to other cases
bowlby’s maternal deprivation A01
if attachment isn’t formed in the critical period there are long lasting consequences: delinquency, affection less psychopathy, low iq
this forms an IWM for future relationships
