Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ultrastructure

A

Everything inside a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Maginification equation

A

I AM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Magnification definition

A

How many times bigger an object appears than in real life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Resolution definition

A

The ability to distinguish 2 adjacent objects next to each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Light microscope

A

Uses lights to see large organelles, max magnification x1500 but has low resolution and low magnification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

A

Fires a beam of electrons through thin specimens, helps to visualise very small organelles inside a thin sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

A

Scans a focussed beam of electrons over a surface to create a 3D image
Max res= 10nm
Max mag= x100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Laser scanning confocal microscope

A

Used on Thick samples of tissues that’s been stained with fluorescent dyes, shows organelles at different depths and layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sectioning and problems

A

Sample cut and preserved in wax

Problems= the cut could b too thick/ thin and not representative of a real cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Staining and problems

A

Coloured chemicals that bind to certain pads of cells. Too much stain distorts image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Features of eukaryotic cells

A

Organelles are membrane bound, have a proper nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Function of internal membranes

A

Sort and compartmentalise contents of a cell into organelles increasing efficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains chromatin- DNA wrapped around histone proteins and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope and contains nuclear pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces RNA and ribosomes which are passed thru nucl envelope and nucl pore to the ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

RER

A

Studded w ribosomes for protein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

SER

A

Continuous with RER lacks ribosomes and is for lipid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Stack of membrane bound sacs called cisternae receives proteins from ER thru transition vesicles and MODIFIES and PACKAGES them into secretion vesicles- exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains enzymes- lysozyme which breaks down material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mitochondria

A

Double membraned, site of aerobic respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Membrane bound, maintains cell stability by pushing the cytoplasm against the membrane (turgid), filled w water/ sap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Found in all cells, controls the entrance/ exit of molecules

22
Q

Cell wall

A

Extra cellular provides support. Cellulose in plants and chitin in fungi/ protoctista

23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Not membrane bound, some free in cytoplasm others are bound to ER, made up of rRNA and proteins, site if protein synthesis

24
Q

What is the Cytoskeleton

A

Network of microfillaments and microtubules

25
What are microfillaments
Strands of actin that act as tracks for things to move in cells
26
What is microtubules
Hollow protein tubes
27
What are Centrioles
Made of microtubules arranged in 9 TRIPLETS to form a cylinder and found in pairs near the nucleus helps during cell division
28
Function of Microfilaments
Give cell shape, anchor organelles, resist tension
29
Function of Microtubules
Move organelles
30
Function of cytoskeleton
Structural support for animal cells shape, moves components within the cells, allows transport of vesicles and molecules around the cell, cell division- pulls daughter chromosomes to opposite poles, allows cilia, flagella and sperm to move
31
Structure and function of cilia
Hair like structures that wave back and forth only in eukaryotic cells
32
Function of flagella
Whip back and forth to create a propeller like motion only in prokaryotic cells
33
Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells
- smaller than eukaryotes - both have ribosomes, prokaryotes are smaller not attached to any membranes - eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles prok don’t - eukaryotes have tails, prok have flagella - prok have pili euk have cilia - euk has dna contained in a nucleus, prok has free dna in the cytoplasm - prok have plasmids euk don’t
34
Carbohydrates
Alpha glucose has H on top, beta has OH on top | Glycosidic bond forms from removal of water
35
What happens to Starch
Broken down into glucose when energy is needed
36
What is amylose and amylopectin
Amylose= long straight chain of alpha glucose | Amylopectin=long branched chain of alpha glucose
37
Water
Polar molecule, hydrophilic and hydrophobic Cohesion- water molecules stick due to h bonds results in surface tension used in transpiration stream Density- ice less dense than water, h bonds expand protects aquatic life underneath High specific heat capacity- takes lots of energy to raise by 1 degrees, maintains stability in organisms High heat of vaporisation- lot of energy needed to convert water into vapour results in cooling effect
38
What are triglycerides and phospholipids
Triglyceride: 1 glycerol 3 fatty acid tails Phospholipids: 1 phosphate head 1 glycerol 2 fatty acid tails
39
Bond between glycerol and fatty acids
Ester bond formed by removal of h2o
40
Saturated vs unsaturated
``` Saturated = straight Unsaturated= double c=c and has kinks ```
41
Features of triglycerides
Fatty acid tails broken for energy | Insoluble: tails are hydrophobic, glycerol faces outwards (hydrophilic)
42
Features of phospholipids
Forms the phospholipid bilayer | Head hydrophilic tail hydrophilic
43
Function of cholesterol
Strengthens cell membrane and helps maintain fluidity of cell membrane
44
Structure of DNA
Phosphate head, deoxyribose sugar and base
45
How many rings for each base
Angels are pure and have 2 wings (AG purines and have 2 rings CT pyrimidines and have 1 ring
46
structure of RNA
Phosphate head, ribose sugar and base (AUCG) NO T
47
Nucleotide bond
Phosphodiester bond forms between sugar and phosphate head to form sugar phosphate backbone and is caused by a condensation reaction
48
How is dna formed from 2 single polynucleotide strands
Hydrogen bonds occur from complementary base pairing AT forms 2 h bonds CG forms 3 Two strands are anti parallel first ones js 5’ to 3’ the template is 3’ to 5’ This results in the double helix
49
Semi conservative replication
Dna helicase unzips dna by breaking h bonds Each original strand acts as a template free nucleotides bind to template by complementary base pairing DNA polymerase reforms sugar phosphate backbone and strands twist to form double helix Semi conservative as 1 strand is old and 1 strand is new
50
Genetic code
Base triplets= codons >non overlapping >degenerate- multiple combinations of triplets code for same amino acid > universal same codons code for same amino acids in all organisms
51
Transcription
Dna helicase unwinds a section of DNA breaking h bonds RNA polymerase lines up free RNA nucleotides along template strand by complementary base pairing no T, U instead mRNA strand is formed RNA polymerase reforms h bonds and double helix reformed mRNA leaves nuclear pore and attaches to ribosome
52
Translation
mRNA attatches to ribosome tRNA carries free bases to ribosome, they attach themselves to the mRNA via complementary base pairing This forms amino acids and they form peptide bonds After amino acids are bonded tRNA leaves and picks up more free nucleotides and process repeats This continues until the stop codon is reached and a polypeptide is formed

biology (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions