attempts to treat and cure illness - chap 3

Question 1

Medieval era

What were some ingredients in herbal remedies?

Answer 1

honey and a mixture of other plants

Question 2

Medieval era

Where were herbal treatments written down and what did it contain?

Answer 2

• ‘herbals’
• pictures of ingredients, explenations of the exact
• quantities of each ingredient
• how to mix the potion
• Prayers to say whilst collecting the herbs - increase effectiveness
• Guides as to when to pick the herbs - e.g full moon

Question 3

Medieval era

What were some other medival remedies?

Answer 3

• Bleeding - restore balance of the 4 humours, done by cupping or leeches
• Urine in diagnosis - physician would look at colour and compare it to a chart, might smell and even taste it to decide what was wrong with the patient
• Zodiac chart - would tell a physician which parts of the body were linked to an astrology sign, and idicate how to cure the patient

Question 4

Medieval era

What was a barber surgeon?

Answer 4

a medieval tradesman who carried out basic medical procedures like bloodletting, amputations, and tooth extractions, alongside cutting hair

Question 5

Medieval era

Why would people choose a barber surgeon?

Answer 5

if they couldn’t afford a physician

Question 6

Medieval era

What was/is the use of leeches?

still use

Answer 6

slowly suck blood in the form of a naturalblood letting

Question 7

Medieval era

What does the saliva of leech contain and what does it do?

Answer 7

a natural anti-coagulant
anaesthetisis the wound area - reducing the pain

Question 8

Early Modern

What was the doctrine of signitures?

Answer 8

the idea that if a plant looked like a part of the body it could be used to treat that part

Question 9

Early Modern

What were some new ingredients introduced in the early modern era and where it’s from?

Answer 9

Rhubarb - ‘wonder drug’, Asia
Tobacco - North America

Question 10

Early Modern

What did the scientific approach introduce?

Answer 10

• observation
• experiments and recording results
• new studies for mental illness referred to as ‘meloncholy’
• new ingredients for herbal remedies
• some began to live a healthy lifestyle rather than relying on doctors, e.g diet and fresh air

Question 11

Early Modern

What was the extent of change during early modern?

Answer 11

Alot - important scientific breakthroughs

Question 12

Indusrtial era

What was sugery like pre-anaesthetics?

Answer 12

painful and dangerous, with alcohol, opium

Question 13

Indusrtial era

Who discovered nitrous oxide (laughing gas) and when?

Answer 13

Sir Humphry Davy
1799

Question 14

Indusrtial era

What was the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous oxide?

Answer 14

+made operations easier to peform
-hard to get the right dose

Question 15

Indusrtial era

Who discovered Chloroform, why and when?

Answer 15

• James Simpson
• discovered chloroform while searching for a more effective anaesthetic than ether
• 1847

Question 16

Indusrtial era

What was the wider use of Chloroform?

Answer 16

pain relief in surgery and childbirth

Question 17

Indusrtial era

When did chloroform become widely accepted?

Answer 17

after Queen Victoria used it during the birth of her eighth child - if it was good enough for the queen, it’s good enough for everybody

Question 18

Indusrtial era

What are the advantantages and disadvantages of anaesthetics?

Answer 18

+by the end of 19th century, operations no longer had to be painful
-didn’t necessarily make operations safer - difficult to get the right dose

Question 19

Indusrtial era

What was the biggest killer after surgery in the 19th century, what does this mean?

Answer 19

sepsis - an infection caught during or after an operation
poor hygiene in hospitals

Question 20

Indusrtial era

describe the work and effect of Ignaz Semmelweis?

Answer 20

insisted doctors wash their hands in calcium chloride solution before treating patiens
reduced deathrate on his meternity ward from 35% - less than 1%

Question 21

Indusrtial era

Who was Joseph Lister and what did he want?

Answer 21

English surgeon
improve the chances of surviving surgery

Question 22

Indusrtial era

How did the germ theory influence Lister?

Answer 22

used an operation room sterilised with carbolic acid

Question 23

Indusrtial era

What did Lister experiment on, why?

Answer 23

Frogs
blood flowed slowly - could be observed more clearly

Question 24

Indusrtial era

How did Lister decrease mortality rate and how much?

Answer 24

surgical instruments were sterilised with carbolic acid
soaked the wound in from time to time in carbolic acid
46% - 15% in only 3 years

Question 25

# Indusrtial era What name was given to **Lister?**

Answer 25

**'Father of Antiseptic Surgery'**

Question 26

# Indusrtial era How much **changed** during the **Indusrtial era?**

Answer 26

**Alot** Antiseptic Surgery - led to attempts to create a **germ free enviroment**

Question 27

# 20th century Who were **significnat figures** in the **20th century** and what did they do?

Answer 27

**Mary Curie** - development of radiation **Fleming** - discovered penicillin **Florey and Chain** - developed and mass produced penicillin **Dr Barnard** - peformed world's first successfull heart transplant

Question 28

# 20th century What was **Marie Curie** (and her husband) **the first to do?**

Answer 28

**isolate radium and polonium**

Question 29

# 20th century Why was Curie's **discovery important?**

Answer 29

played a key role in **destroying tissue** - **opened up a way of treating cancer**

Question 30

# 20th century What else did **Curie** do?

Answer 30

played a leading role in developing **x-ray units during WW1** - making diagnosis and treatment of soldiers **quicker and easier**

Question 31

# 20th century How did **Curie die?**

Answer 31

**1934** diseases bought on by **excessive exposure to radiation**

Question 32

# 20th century **Who discovered penicillin**, and when?

Answer 32

* Alexander Fleming * 1928

Question 33

# 20th century What was **Fleming** motivated by?

Answer 33

experiances in the **trenches** in ****WW1****

Question 34

# 20th century How did **Fleming** discover **penicillin?**

Answer 34

* *Accidental Discovery* * he noticed that a mold **(Penicillium notatum)** had grown on one of the dishes * The area around the mold was **free from bacteria** * suggesting that the mold was releasing a substance that **killed the bacteria** * Fleming identified this substance and called it **penicillin**

Question 35

# 20th century **Where** and **when** did Fleming publish his discovery?

Answer 35

* British Journal of Experimental Pathology * litle attention was paid to his article * 1929

Question 36

# 20th century Who was **Ernst Chain** and **Howard Florey?**

Answer 36

* **Austrian Jew** who fled to **Britian** to escape the **Nazis** * **Australian**, working at **Oxford**

Question 37

# 20th century What did **Chain** and **Florey** do?

Answer 37

* 1940 * worked on penicillin * carried out a series of experiments on mice * they gave it to 4 infected mice - all survived, another 4 all died * took 5 months to produce enough penicillin to treat mice * built up a team * began to produce it in larger quantities

Question 38

# 20th century *Who*, *when* and *how* did a doctor use penicillin?

Answer 38

**Fletcher, 1941** 1. On a patient near to death 2. The wound made a spectacular recovery, however... 3. the patient died - they did not have enough but it still worked

Question 39

# 20th century When did **mass production** of penicillin begin?

Answer 39

In 1944, during **World War II**

Question 40

# 20th century Why was penicillin important in **World War II?**

Answer 40

It saved soldiers' lives by treating infected wounds and diseases like: * pneumonia * blood poisoning

Question 41

# 20th century What *diseases* can penicillin **treat?**

Answer 41

* Pneumonia * syphilis * blood poisoning * meningitis * strep throat.

Question 42

# 20th century What were some **successful transplant surgeries** peformed in the **20th century?**

Answer 42

**1952** - first **kidney transplant** **1961** - first British **implant heart peacemaker** **1967** - world's first **heart transplant** **1972** - **hip replacements** were introduced

Question 43

# 20th century **What year** was the **world's first heart transplant** and who **preformed it?**

Answer 43

**1967** **Dr Christian Barnard**

Question 44

# 20th century How long did the **patient live for?**

Answer 44

18 days

Question 45

# 20th century What are the **2 main problems** of **heart transplant?**

Answer 45

**availability** of replacement organs **rejection**

Question 46

# 20th century **How many transplants** took place in the UK in 2014, **what does this say?**

Answer 46

**118 transplants are now routine**

Question 47

# 20th century How much **changed** during the **20th century?**

Answer 47

**complete transformation** * Antibiotics * Medical Technology * Radiation and Cancer Treatment